Table 3.
Comparison of factors between the different clinical stages
| Stage 3b | Stage 3c | Stage 4 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 41 (60.3%) | 55 (73.3%) | 10 (66.7%) | 0.253 |
| Female | 27 (39.7%) | 20 (26.7%) | 5 (33.3%) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 66 (97.1%) | 66 (88.0%) | 12 (80.0%) | 0.046 |
| Married | 2 (2.9%) | 9 (12.0%) | 3 (20.0%) | |
| Education level | ||||
| Illiterate | 3 (4.4%) | 5 (6.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.061 |
| Primary | 9 (13.2%) | 21 (28.0%) | 6 (40.0%) | |
| Complementary | 28 (41.2%) | 34 (45.3%) | 7 (46.7%) | |
| Secondary | 18 (26.5%) | 12 (16.0%) | 2 (13.3%) | |
| University | 10 (14.7%) | 3 (4.0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Family history of psychiatric illness | ||||
| Yes | 24 (35.3%) | 11 (14.7%) | 5 (33.3%) | 0.014 |
| No | 44 (64.7%) | 64 (85.3%) | 10 (66.7%) | |
| History of medical illness | ||||
| Yes | 19 (27.9%) | 23 (30.7%) | 6 (40.0%) | 0.654 |
| No | 49 (72.1%) | 52 (69.3%) | 9 (60.0%) | |
| Type of treatment | ||||
| Atypical Antipsychotics | 33 (48.5%) | 25 (33.3%) | 3 (26.7%) | 0.103 |
| Typical Antipsychotics | 52 (76.5%) | 67 (89.3%) | 13 (86.7%) | 0.110 |
| Benzodiazepines use | 25 (36.8%) | 30 (40.0%) | 4 (26.7%) | 0.617 |
| Anti-epileptic | 26 (38.2%) | 42 (56.0%) | 7 (46.7%) | 0.104 |
| Anti-cholinergic | 49 (72.1%) | 62 (82.7%) | 14 (93.3%) | 0.108 |
| Anti-depressant - SSRI | 5 (7.4%) | 8 (10.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.367 |
| Anti-depressant TCA | 9 (13.2%) | 5 (6.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | 0.378 |
| Mood stabilizer | 13 (19.1%) | 8 (10.7%) | 3 (20.0%) | 0.321 |
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Age | 51.62 ± 8.70 | 52.93 ± 8.46 | 52.67 ± 9.64 | 0.657 |
| Age of onset of symptoms in years | 26.17 ± 7.48 | 24.69 ± 8.17 | 21.20 ± 5.18 | 0.069 |
| Duration of psychiatric illness in years | 25.00 ± 11.13 | 28.02 ± 9.94 | 31.06 ± 10.30 | 0.069 |
| Duration of hospitalization in years | 12.29 ± 7.43 | 16.77 ± 9.28 | 19.60 ± 7.94 | 0.001 |
| Number of hospitalizations | 6.53 ± 8.09 | 5.48 ± 3.92 | 7.80 ± 4.09 | 0.324 |
| Total PANSS scale | 46.93 ± 6.76 | 66.04 ± 12.34 | 85.67 ± 17.97 | < 0.001 |
| Positive PANSS subscale | 12.47 ± 2.64 | 19.35 ± 4.19 | 25.20 ± 4.39 | < 0.001 |
| Negative PANSS subscale | 11.59 ± 3.95 | 17.87 ± 5.74 | 23.33 ± 7.66 | < 0.001 |
| General psychopathology PANSS subscale | 22.87 ± 3.01 | 28.83 ± 6.29 | 37.13 ± 12.06 | < 0.001 |
| Depression (MADRS scale) | 2.97 ± 3.63 | 2.00 ± 3.83 | 2.53 ± 4.86 | 0.325 |
| Manic symptoms (YMRS scale) | 4.19 ± 3.13 | 5.08 ± 3.18 | 6.13 ± 3.96 | 0.067 |
| Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF scale) | 43.08 ± 3.96 | 33.53 ± 4.84 | 25.00 ± 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Chlorpromazine equivalent dose | 848.03 ± 908.69 | 1354.33 ± 1029.89 | 1810.0 ± 1039.43 | < 0.001 |
| Number of antipsychotic treatment | 1.63 ± 0.82 | 1.97 ± 0.83 | 2.20 ± 0.77 | 0.012 |
Numbers in bold indicate significant p values