Table 2.
Summary of reported kartogenin delivery systems in regenerative medicine.
| Type | Component | Combination mode | Potential application | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoparticles | Chitosan; | Crosslink | Cartilage regeneration | (Kang et al., 2014, 2016) |
| Chitosan/mesoporous silica | Microfluidic technology | Cartilage regeneration | (Yuan et al., 2022) | |
| Silk fibroin; | Encapsulation | Osteochondral regeneration | (Zhang et al., 2020) | |
| Upconversion; | Crosslink | Osteoarthritis | (Li et al., 2016) | |
| Polyamidoamine; | Crosslink | Osteoarthritis | (Hu et al., 2017) | |
| Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA); | Encapsulation | Cartilage regeneration | (Asgari et al., 2020) | |
| PLGA and PLGA-PEG; | Mixture | Cartilage regeneration | (Almeida et al., 2020) | |
| PLGA-PEG-Hyaluronic acid (HA); | Crosslink | Cartilage regeneration | (Almeida et al., 2020) | |
| Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide (USPIO); | Crosslink | Cartilage regeneration | (Yang, Zheng et al., 2019; Yang, Zhu et al., 2019) | |
| Poly(lactide-co-glycolide); | Double emulsion-solvent evaporation; | Osteoarthritis | (Sun et al., 2018) | |
| Polyurethane; | Crosslink; | Cartilage regeneration | (Fan et al., 2018, 2020) | |
| Isocyanatoethyl acrylate-modified β-cyclodextrin (β-CD-AOI2); | Host-guest interaction; | Osteochondral regeneration | (Liu et al., 2020) | |
| Nanovesicles | Small extracellular vesicles | Precondition; | Cartilage regeneration | (Jing et al., 2020) |
| Exosome | Electroporation. | Cartilage regeneration | (Xu et al., 2021) | |
| Microspheres | PLGA | Oil-in-water emulsion-solvent evaporation | Meniscus regeneration | (Li et al., 2021) |
| Polyamidoamine and hyaluronic acid methacrylate | Microfluidic technology | Osteoarthritis | (Lin et al., 2022) | |
| PEG-PCL-TSPBA | Microfluidic technology and crosslink | Osteoarthritis | (Yu et al., 2022) | |
| ALG, BSA and CH | Multiple emulsion | Cartilage regeneration | (Min et al., 2022) | |
| Silk fibroin and polyethylene glycol (PEG) | Mixture | Osteochondral regeneration | (Jiang et al., 2022) | |
| PLGA | Oil-in-water emulsion and premix membrane emulsification | Cartilage regeneration | (Teng et al., 2021; Yuan et al., 2021) | |
| PLGA | Emulsification–evaporation | cartilage regeneration | (Dai et al., 2023) | |
| Chitosan | Crosslink | Osteochondral regeneration | (Ji et al., 2022) | |
| Nanofibers | Poly(L-lactic acid-co-caprolactone) and collagen | Mixture | Tracheal cartilage regeneration | (Yin et al., 2017) |
| Silk fibroin and polydopamine | Crosslink | Interface tissue regeneration | (Chen et al., 2021) | |
| PCL and PLGA | Mixture | Cartilage regeneration | (Elder et al., 2022) | |
| Hydrogels | Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) | Mixture and crosslink | Interface tissue regeneration | (Huang et al., 2020) |
| Supramolecular gelatin | Mixture & Host-guest interaction | Osteochondral regeneration | (Xu et al., 2019) | |
| Gelatin and GelMA | Mixture | Nucleus pulposus regeneration | (Zhu et al., 2017) | |
| Chitosan and GelMA | Mixture | Cartilage regeneration | (Zhang et al., 2022) | |
| Chitosan-Hyaluronic acid | Physical absorb | Interface tissue regeneration | (Zhang et al., 2017) | |
| Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) | Mixture | Cartilage regeneration | (Yang, Zhu et al., 2019) | |
| Cellulose nanocrystal and dextran | Integration | Osteoarthritis | (Massaro et al., 2019) | |
| Halloysite nanotubes and laponite | Mixture | Cartilage regeneration | (Fan et al., 2020) | |
| Aldehyde methylene sodium alginate and amino gelatin | Encapsulation | Osteochondral regeneration | (Liu et al., 2020) | |
| GelMA and β-cyclodextrin | Host–guest interaction | Osteochondral regeneration | (Wei et al., 2023) | |
| Hydroxypropyl chitin and β-cyclodextrin | Crosslink & Host–guest interaction | Cartilage regeneration | (Yuan et al., 2023) | |
| Hyaluronic acidmethacryloyl (HAMA); Chitosan | Crosslink & Host-guest inclusion; Mixture | Cartilage regeneration | (Dehghan-Baniani et al., 2020; Min et al., 2022) | |
| Porous scaffolds | Chitosan and xanthan | Mixture | Cartilage lesions therapy | (Westin et al., 2017) |
| Collagen and Cellulose nanocrystals | Integration and absorption | Cartilage regeneration | (Yang, Zheng et al., 2019) | |
| GelMA and hydroxyapatite | 3D bioprinting | Osteochondral regeneration | (Zhang et al., 2023) | |
| methacrylated collagen and mineral oil | 3D bioprinting | Cartilage regeneration | (Kim & Kim, 2022) | |
| Collagen, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid sodium | Mixture and lyophilization | Osteoarthritis | (Sun et al., 2018) | |
| poly (glycerol sebacate) and poly (1,3- propylene sebacate) | Covalent incorporation | Cartilage regeneration | (Xuan et al., 2020) | |
| Others | Silk and chitosan | Integration and absorption | Cartilage regeneration | (Dehghan Baniani et al., 2021) |
| Nanographene oxide | π–π stacking and hydrophobic interactions | Osteoarthritis | (Zeng et al., 2021) | |
| Nanomicelles | Encapsulation | Osteoarthritis | (Su et al., 2022) |