Figure 2.

Relationship between lactate metabolism, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases.

On one hand, the lactate produced by astrocyte provides energy to neuron by ANLS. On the other hand, the lactate would lead to activating glia that cause neuroinflammation. Moreover, activated glia secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, which leads to neurodegenerative disease. ANLS: Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.