Table 1. The overall characteristics of the patient dataset.

Characteristics	First dataset	Second dataset	Third dataset	Final dataset
Case count	202	448	2,337	7,796
Age (in years)	67.83 ± 10.88	70.01 ± 9.85	69.98 ± 10.44	69.69 ± 10.40
Male	153	125	1,733	5,762
Female	49	323	604	2,034
Tube voltage (kV)	120	120	120	120
Low-dose	‐	246	1,446	5,521
Normal dose	202	202	891	2,275
Slice thickness	3	3	3	3
COPD diagnosed	202	202	1,902	5,131
Normal participants	0	246	435	2,665