Table 6.

MicroRNAs therapeutic strategies in AS.

Strategy	MicroRNA	Target genes	Effects in AS	Clinical status	Reference
Antisense oligonucleotide (anti-miRs)	miR-494	Mef2A	Promoted plaque stabilization	Preclinical	[100]
	miR-33	ABCA1	Decreased lipid accumulation	Preclinical	[101]
	miR-712	TIMP3	Decreased endothelial inflammation	Preclinical	[102]
	miR-144	ABCA1/ABCG1	Regulated cholesterol metabolism and endothelial dysfunction	Preclinical	[103, 104]
	miR-92a	miR-92a	Regulated angiogenesis and ischemia	Phase Ⅰ	[74]
	miR-29b	miR-29b	Regulated extracellular matrix synthesis and fibrosis	Phase Ⅱ	[75]
	miR-132	miR-132	Improved cardiac function	Phase Ⅰ	[76]
microRNA mimics	miR-210	IGF2	Attenuated lipid accumulation and inflammation	Recruiting	[55, 105, 106]
	miR-125a-5p	Ninjurin 1	Attenuated vascular dysfunction	Preclinical	[107]
		CCL4	Decreased ox-LDL		[108]
	miR-29a-3p	TNFRSF1A	Suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of VSMCs	Preclinical	[109]
	miR-155	NLRP3	Attenuated inflammatory response	Preclinical	[7, 110]
	miR-181a-3p	NEMO	Inhibited vascular inflammation	Preclinical	[24, 111]
	miR-181a-5p	TAB2
microRNA inhibitors	miR-29	LYPLA1	Promoted endothelial function	Preclinical	[112]
		CDC7	Regulated VSMCs proliferation and migration		[97]
	miR-24-3p	Bcl2L11	Prevented cell growth of VSMCs	Preclinical	[113]
		Impα3	Inhibited the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells		[114]

Mef2A, myocyte enhancer factor 2A; ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; TIMP3, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3; ABCG1, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1; IGF2, insulin like growth factor 2; Ninjurin 1, nerve injury-induced protein 1; CCL4, chemokine C-C-motif ligand 4; TNFRSF1A, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A; NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NEMO, NF-κ-B essential modulator; TAB2, TGF-beta activated kinase 1-binding protein 2; LYPLA1, lysophospholipase 1; CDC7, cell division cycle 7; Bcl2L11, BCL-2 like protein 11; Impα3, importin-α3; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; ox-LDL, oxidizied low-density lipoprotein.