Table 2.
Study characteristics and estimated birth prevalence.
| Primary author (date) | Country | WHO Region | Study time | Setting | Method of case ascertainment | Clubfoot definition | Population (n) | Clubfoot (n) | Female (%) | Birth prevalence | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agrawal (2014)19 | India | SEARO | 2010–2011 | Hospital | Physical exam | Not reported | 7268 | 15 | Not reported | 2 (1.25–3.40) | Low |
| Besselaar (2018)20 | Netherlands | EURO | 2013–2014 | Accredited clubfoot treatment centres | Medical records | diagnosis treatment codes | 346,522 | 377 | 34.20% | 1.09 (1.01–1.2) | Low |
| Bhide (2018)21 | India | SEARO | 1960–2015 | 52 hospital based, 3 community-based | Not reported | Not reported | 802,658 | 1694 | Not reported | 1.79 (1.51–2.07) | High |
| Chen (2018)22 | China | WPRO | 2011–2015 | Hospital | ICD-10 criteria | ICD-10 definition | 260,722 | 315 | Not reported | 1.21 (1.07–1.34) | Low |
| Dodwell (2015)23 | Norway | EURO | 1998–2008 | Medical birth registry | Medical records | ICD-10 Q66.0 | 107,673 | 121 | 36% | 1.1 (0.92–1.32) | Low |
| Dolk (2016)24 | 21 EUROCATa countries | EURO | 1995–2005 | Surveillance network | Medical records | Database-defined | 6,300,000 | 5063 | Not reported | 0.8 (0.78–0.83) | Low |
| Esbjornsson (2021)25 | Sweden | EURO | 2016–2019 | Swedish Pediatric Orthopaedic Quality Register (SPOQ) | Orthopaedic referral—physical exam | ICD0-10 code Q66 | 453,412 | 612 | 25% | 1.35 (1.25–1.46) | Low |
| Groisman (2017)26 | Argentina | PAHO | 2009–2013 | Hospital-based surveillance system | Physical exam | ICD-10 Q66.0 and Q66.1 | 703,325 | 484 | Not reported | 0.69 (0.63–0.75) | Low |
| Groisman (2018)27 | Argentina | PAHO | 2016 | National hospital-based database | Physical exam (birth until discharge) | Not reported | 305,452 | 196 | Not reported | 0.64 (0.55–0.74) | Low |
| Jarurantanasirikul (2016)28 | Thailand | SEARO | 2009–2013 | Birth register | Physical exam | ICD-10 definition | 186,393 | 187 | Not reported | 1 (0.87–1.20) | Low |
| Kumari (2018)29 | India | SEARO | 2014–1016 | Hospital | Physical exam | Not reported | 10,126 | 33 | 33.30% | 3.25 (2.15–4.37) | Low |
| Lane (2017)30 | Canada | PAHO | 1988–2013 | Database | Physical exam after birth or at the time of discharge | Not reported | 258,147 | 629 | Not reported | 2.4 (2.20–2.60) | Low |
| Li (2013)31 | China | WPRO | 2008–2010 | 4 Counties in Hengyang Province | Physical exam, cluster sampling survey | Not reported | 52,307 | 50 | Not reported | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | Low |
| Mai (2019)32 | USA | PAHO | 2010–2014 | Surveillance network | Discharge diagnostic exam | Not reported | 5,186,504 | 6756 | Not reported | 1.69 (1.27–1.33) | Low |
| Marengo (2013)33 | USA | PAHO | 2005–2008 | Surveillance network | Physical exam at time of delivery | Not reported | 1,597,541 | 2272 | Not reported | 1.42 (1.36–1.48) | Low |
| Morris (2018)34 | 25 EUROCATa countries | EURO | 2003–2012 | Surveillance network | Medical records | ICD-10 definition | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | Low |
| Mumpe-Mwanja (2019)35 | Uganda | AFRO | 2015–2017 | Birth defects surveillance system | Physical exam by trained midwife | ICD-10 definition | 69,766 | 98 | Not reported | 1.40 (1.15–1.71) | Low |
| Orioli (2020)17 | 8 ReLAMCb countries | PAHO | 2017–2019 | Surveillance network | Not described | ICD-10 definition | 9,152,674 | 2341 | Not reported | 0.26 (0.25–0.28) | Low |
| Orimolade (2014)18 | Nigeria | AFRO | 2012 | Hospital | Physical exam | Not reported | 1551 | 5 | 50% (7/22 with CBDs) | 3.22 (1.38–7.52) | Low |
| Pavone (2012)36 | Italy | EURO | 1991–2004 | Register | Not described | Not reported | 801,324 | 827 | 32.30% | 1.03 (0.8–1.2) | Low |
| Pullinger (2014)37 | UK | EURO | 2007–2012 | Hospital | Ultrasound scan and clinical history after birth | Not reported | 34,373 | 67 | Not reported | 1.2 (1.54–2.47) | Medium |
| Rittler (2021)38 | Latin American Countries | PAHO | 2005–2018 | Hospital surveillance | Diagnosis at birth or at discharge | ICD8 and ECLAM codes | 965,473 | 1274 | Not reported | 1.32 (1.30–1.4) | Low |
| Sachdeva (2014)39 | India | SEARO | 2010 | Hospital | Physical exam | Not reported | Not reported | 8 | 43.90% | 2.79 | Medium |
| Sinha (2022)40 | India | SEARO | Not reported | Hospital | Physical exam | ICD-10 definition | 8047 | 34 | Not reported | 4.23 (3.03–5.90) | Low |
| Sirsikar (2015) | India | SEARO | 2011–2014 | Hospital | Not described | Not reported | 118,654 | 98 | 37% | 0.8 (0.68–1.00) | Low |
| Stoll (2020)41 | France | EURO | 1979–2007 | Congenital malformation register | Physical exam and genetic testing | ICD-10, code Q66.0 | 387,067 | 504 | 35% | 1.03 (1.2–1.4) | Low |
| Thiart (2022)42 | South Africa | AFRO | 2014–2018 | Hospital | Not described | Not reported | 159,348 | 162 | 36.50% | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | Low |
| Toufaily (2014)43 | United States | PAHO | 1972–2012 | Hospital | Physical exam | ICD-10 code Q66 | 311,480 | 208 | Not reported | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) | Low |
| Wang (2014)44 | China | WPRO | 2011–2013 | Hospital surveillance system | Review birth defects registry forms and perinatal infants quarterly report | Not reported | 118,199 | 62 | Not reported | 0.52 (0.41–0.67) | Low |
| Wang (2019)45 | 18 EUROCAT countries | EURO | 1995–2011 | Surveillance network | Medical Records | CD 9 code 75,450 or ICD 10 code Q660 | 4,840,588 | 5458 | 35% | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | Low |
| Weihong (2014)46 | China | WPRO | 2011–2013 | Hospital surveillance | Data from monitoring institutions | Not reported | 87,059 | 53 | Not reported | 0.61 (0.47–0.80) | Low |
| Xie (2021)47 | China | WPRO | 2016–2019 | Hospital surveillance | Prenatal screening | Maternal and Child Health Monitoring Scheme | 2,883,890 | 32 | Not reported | 0.012 (0.007–0.016) | Low |
| Yang (2015)48 | China | WRPO | 2003–2009 | Database | Review of birth defects surveillance network | Not reported | 191,017 | 137 | Not reported | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) | Low |
| Yi (2013)49 | China | WRPO | 2001–2010 | Database | Birth defects monitoring programme | Not reported | 8,273,382 | 4233 | Not reported | 0.51 (0.50–0.53) | Low |
| Zhou (2020)50 | China | WPRO | 2014–2018 | Database | physical exam | ICD-10 | 28,040 | 100 | Not reported | 3.57 (2.93–4.34) | Low |
a
EUROCAT: European network of population-based registries for the epidemiologic surveillance of congenital anomalies.
b
ReLAMC: Latin American network of congenital malformation surveillance.