Table 3.

Associations between NCDs, NCD risk factors, and different manifestations of TB, adjusted for age and gender.

	All TB		Subclinical TB		Symptomatic TB
	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Current smoker vs non-current smoker	1.53 (1.39–1.69)	<0.0001	1.62 (1.38–1.9)	<0.0001	1.49 (1.34–1.66)	<0.0001
Past smoker vs never smoker	1.97 (1.33–2.91)	0.0016	1.41 (0.91–2.18)	0.12	2.32 (1.54–3.48)	0.00028
Alcohol drinking once a week or less vs no alcohol drinking	1.2 (0.91–1.58)	0.18	1.33 (0.98–1.8)	0.065	1.14 (0.84–1.54)	0.38
Alcohol drinking ≥ twice per week vs no alcohol drinking	1.49 (0.64–3.48)	0.34	1.59 (0.7–3.62)	0.26	1.43 (0.59–3.46)	0.41
Diabetes	1.39 (0.98–1.97)	0.063	0.92 (0.55–1.55)	0.75	1.67 (1.17–2.4)	0.0064
Past history of TB	3.56 (3.19–3.97)	<0.0001	2.51 (2.06–3.06)	<0.0001	4.19 (3.7–4.75)	<0.0001
HIV	2.39 (1.6–3.57)	0.00017	2.21 (1.42–3.43)	0.001	2.5 (1.64–3.81)	0.00016

NCDs: non-communicable diseases; TB: tuberculosis; CI: confidence interval; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.