Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies (N = 76).
| NO | Author, Year | Country | Study type | Sample Size | Age Mean ± SD/median (IQR) | Male n (%) | SARS-2 method of confirmation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Loffi, 2020 [22] | Italy | Retrospective | 1252 | 64.7 ± 15.5 | 798 (63.70) | RT-PCR |
| 2 | Yuan, 2021 [23] | China | Retrospective | 2886 | 59.1± NR | 1402 (49.1) | NR |
| 3 | Peterson, 2021 [24] | USA | Retrospective | 355 | 66.21 ± 14.21 | 181 (51) | RT-PCR |
| 4 | Park, 2021 [25] | Korea | Retrospective | 2269 | 55.5 ± 20.2 | 814 (35.9) | PCR |
| 5 | Yamada, 2021 [26] | Japan | Cross-sectional | 693 | 68.3 ± 14.9 | 449 (64.8) | PCR |
| 6 | Bonnet, 2021 [27] | France | Cohort study | 2878 | 66.6 ± 17.0 | 1666 (57.8) | RT_PCR or CT |
| 7 | Langnau, 2021 [28] | Germany | Cross-sectional | 122 | 63.5 (47–79) | 122 (100) | RT-PCR |
| 8 | Li, 2020 [29] | China | Retrospective | 83 | 43 (32–64) | 34 (50) | Laboratory-confirmed and CT |
| 9 | Toprak, 2021 [30] | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 298 | 58.33 ± 15.52 | 156 (52.3) | RT-PCR |
| 10 | Gunawardene, 2021 [31] | Germany | Prospective cohort | 414 | 68 ± 18 | 339 (58.24) | Positive for SARSCoV-2 using a reliable test method |
| 11 | Cheng, 2021 [32] | China | Retrospective | 1157 | NR | 586 (50.6) | Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 according to WHO guidelines |
| 12 | Akıllı, 2021 [33] | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 582 | NR | 339 (58.2) | NR |
| 13 | Inciardi, 2020 [34] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 99 | 67 ± 12 | 80 (80.8) | PCR |
| 14 | Xie, 2020 [35] | China | Cross-sectional | 62 | 66 (53.3–73) | 27 (43.5) | RT-PCR |
| 15 | Jalali, 2021 [36] | Iran | Cohort study | 196 | 65 (52–67) | 104 (53.1) | RT-PCR |
| 16 | Xiong, 2020 [37] | China | Cross-sectional | 116 | 58.5 (47–69) | 80 (69.0) | RT-PCR |
| 17 | Zhang, 2020 [38] | China | Retrospective | 541 | 53.25 ± 16.29 | 183 (33.8) | RT-PCR |
| 18 | Li, 2021 [39] | China | Cohort study | 2954 | 60 (50–68) | 1493 (50.5) | RT-PCR |
| 19 | Aoun, 2021 [40] | Lebanon | Retrospective | 231 | 61.46 ± 13.99 | 128 (55.4) | RT-PCR |
| 20 | Scoccia, 2021 [41] | Italy | Retrospective | 1625 | 69 (58–77) | 1092 (67.2) | laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 |
| 21 | Gottlieb, 2020 [42] | USA | Retrospective | 1483 | 56 (44–68) | 792 (53.4) | RT-PCR |
| 22 | Birtay, 2021 [43] | Turkey | Retrospective | 124 | 79 (64–91) | 62 (50) | RT_PCR |
| 23 | Angeli, 2020 [44] | Italy | Retrospective | 954 | 72 (59–85) | 543 (57) | RT-PCR |
| 24 | Brojakowska, 2021 [45] | USA | Retrospective | 7032 | NR | NR | RT-PCR |
| 25 | Pezel, 2021 [46] | France | Retrospective | 481 | 68.4 ± 9.6 | 295 (61.3) | RT-PCR |
| 26 | Salinas, 2021 [47] | Spain | Case control | 316 | 68 (58–78) | 224 (70.9) | PCR |
| 27 | Xiong, 2020 [48] | China | Retrospective | 472 | 43 (32–53.5) | 250 (53) | RT-PCR |
| 28 | Caliskan, 2020 [49] | Turkey | Retrospective | 565 | 48.0 ± 19.7 | NR | PCR |
| 29 | Chacko, 2021 [50] | USA | Retrospective | 255 | 65.4 ± 15.2 | 130 (51) | RT-PCR |
| 30 | Khawaja, 2021 [51] | U.K | Retrospective | 498 | 67.4 ± 16.1 | 310 (62.2) | RT-PCR |
| 31 | Barman, 2021 [52] | Turkey | Retrospective | 607 | 62.5 ± 14.3 | 334 (55) | RT-PCR |
| 32 | Mithal, 2021 [53] | India | Cross-sectional | 401 | 54 (19–92) | 276 (68.8) | RT-PCR |
| 33 | Terlecki, 2021 [54] | Poland | Retrospective | 1729 | 63 (50–75) | 886 (51.2) | NR |
| 34 | Cen, 2020 [55] | China | Cohort study | 1007 | 61 (49–68) | 493 (49) | RT-PCR |
| 35 | Keskin, 2021 [56] | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 37 | 66 (27–84) | 22 (59.5) | RT-PCR |
| 36 | Girardin, 2021 [57] | USA | Retrospective | 4446 | 65.7 ± 16.4 | 1166 (26.2) | SARSCoV2 Xpert Xpress assay |
| 37 | Nguyen, 2020 [58] | USA | Retrospective | 689 | 55 (40–68) | 296 (43) | NR |
| 38 | Ko, 2020 [59] | USA | Retrospective | 5416 | NR | 22,847 (53) | laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 |
| 39 | Nicholson, 2021 [60] | USA | Retrospective | 1042 | 64 (53–75) | 592 (56.8) | RT-PCR |
| 40 | Ayten, 2020 [61] | Turkey | Retrospective | 73 | 56.9 ± 13.3 | 47 (64.4) | RT-PCR |
| 41 | Aldabagh, 2021 [62] | USA | Retrospective | 450 | 66.4 ± 13.1 | 271 (60.2) | RT_PCR |
| 42 | Ciceri, 2020 [63] | Italy | Cohort study | 410 | 65 (56–75) | 299 (72.9) | RT-PCR |
| 43 | Kantroo, 2021 [64] | India | Retrospective | 1192 | 50 (35–61) | 832 (70) | RT-PCR |
| 44 | Guarin, 2021 [65] | USA | Retrospective | 275 | 64.69 ± 14.64 | 142 (51.6) | RT-PCR |
| 45 | Wei, 2020 [66] | China | Retrospective | 566 | 61.5 (NR) | 267 (47.2) | laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 |
| 46 | Weizman, 2021 [67] | France | Retrospective | 2878 | 66.9 ± 17 | 1666 (57.9) | RT-PCR |
| 47 | Mousseaux, 2021 [68] | France | Retrospective | 169 | 65.6 ± 18.8 | 118 (69.8) | RT-PCR |
| 48 | Ciprian, 2021 [69] | Italy | Retrospective | 109 | 71 (60–81) | 73 (67) | laboratory-confirmed SARSCoV-2 infection and clinical and radiological signs of COVID-19 |
| 49 | Poterucha, 2020 [70] | USA | Retrospective | 887 | 64.1 ± 17.2 | 513 (57.8) | RT-PCR |
| 50 | Zhang, 2021 [71] | China | Retrospective | 541 | 61.4 ± 13.6 | 255 (47.1) | |
| 51 | Lip, 2021 [72] | USA | Prospective cohort | 280,592 | 72.5 ± 9.9 | 115,629 (41.2) | NR |
| 52 | Russo, 2021 [73] | Italy | Retrospective | 467 | 66.88 ± 14.55 | 294 (63) | RT-PCR |
| 53 | Russo, 2020 [74] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 192 | 67.7 ± 15.2 | 115 (60) | RT-PCR |
| 54 | Gsblom, 2021 [75] | Finland | Retrospective | 585 | 57(46–70) | 316 (54) | RT-PCR |
| 55 | Turagam, 2020 [76] | USA | Retrospective | 140 | 61 (48–74) | 102 (72.9) | RT-PCR |
| 56 | Nanda, 2021 [77] | USA | Retrospective | 1169 | 43.9 ± 17.6 | 575 (49.2) | RT-PCR |
| 57 | Gupta, 2021 [78] | USA | Retrospective | 180 | 68 ± 59-80 | 98 (54.4) | RT-PCR |
| 58 | Adrish, 2020 [79] | USA | Retrospective | 1173 | 63 (53–73) | 720 (61.4) | RT-PCR |
| 59 | Raghavan, 2021 [80] | India | Retrospective | 845 | NR | 553 (65.4) | RT-PCR |
| 60 | Linschoten, 2020 [81] | Netherlands | Retrospective | 3011 | 67 (56–76) | 1890 (62.8) | NR |
| 61 | Koutroumpakis, 2021 [82] | USA | Retrospective | 514 | 59 (48–71) | 246 (47.9) | RT-PCR |
| 62 | Valenzuela, 2020 [83] | USA | Retrospective | 2039 | 52 (38–65) | 1081 (53) | RT-PCR |
| 63 | Gupta, 2021 [84] | USA | Retrospective | 529 | 70 (61–80) | 286 (54.1) | RT-PCR |
| 64 | Violi, 2021 [85] | Italy | Retrospective | 373 | 67.4 ± 16.8 | 228 (61.1) | RT-PCR and CT |
| 65 | Erben, 2021 [86] | USA | Retrospective | 915 | 60.8 ± 17.0 | 520 (56.8) | PCR or serology testing |
| 66 | Lodiqiani, 2020 [87] | Italy | Retrospective | 388 | 66 (57–75) | 264 (68) | laboratory-proven COVID-19 |
| 67 | Guner, 2020 [88] | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 222 | 50.6 ± 16.5 | 132 (59.5) | PCR |
| 68 | Maeda, 2021 [89] | USA | Retrospective | 181 | 64 ± 16.6 | 101 (55.8) | RT-PCR |
| 69 | Lala, 2020 [90] | USA | Retrospective | 2736 | 66.40 ± 15.80 | 1630 (59.6) | laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 |
| 70 | Kini, 2021 [16] | USA | Retrospective | 4695 | 64 ± 16.5 | 2643 (56.3) | laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV2 |
| 71 | Gormez, 2021 [91] | Turkey | Retrospective | 103 | 45 (39–52) | 50 (48.5) | RT-PCR |
| 72 | Gupta, 2020 [92] | USA | Cross-sectional | 2215 | 60.5 ± 14.5 | 1436 (64.8) | Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 (detected by nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab) |
| 73 | Al-Ani, 2022 [93] | Iraq | Cross-sectional | 101 | 53.05 ± 15.16 | 69 (68.3) | RT_PCR |
| 74 | Atlas, 2021 [94] | Turkey | Retrospective | 102 | 69.1 ± 14.3 | 71 (69.6) | NR |
| 75 | Banoei, 2021 [95] | USA | Retrospective | 250 | 69.34 ± 13.69 | 130 (52) | PCR |
| 76 | Akhavizadegan, 2021 [96] | Iran | Retrospective | 1CE12 | 67.55 ± 12.57 | 77 (68.8) | RT_PCR |
CT=Chest computed tomography; IQR=Interquartile range; N=Number of participants; RT-PCR=Real time_polymerase chain reaction; SD=Standard deviation; USA=United States of America; who = World Health Organization.