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. 2023 Sep 6;382:e076058. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-076058

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

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Fig 4 — Associations between selected emulsifier intakes and risk of CVD among participants from the NutriNet-Santé cohort, 2009-21 (n=95 442). Hazard ratio for an increment of 1 standard deviation. Groups of emulsifiers were defined as (European codes) total monoglycerides and diglycerides of FAs (E471, E472, E472a, E472b, E472c, E472e) and total celluloses (E460, E461, E464, E466, E468). Emulsifiers with at least one statistically significant association with CVD risk are represented. Supplementary eTable2 provides the investigated associations between emulsifier intakes and CVD risk with corresponding hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for age (timescale); sex; body mass index (continuous); physical activity (categorical International Physical Activity Questionnaire variable: high, moderate, low); smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, occasional smoker, regular smoker); number of smoked cigarettes in pack years (continuous); educational level (less than high school degree, <2 years after high school degree, ≥2 years after high school degree); number of dietary records (continuous); family history of CVD (yes/no); energy intake without alcohol (continuous, kcal/day); daily intakes of alcohol (continuous, g/day), saturated FAs (continuous, g/day), sodium (continuous, mg/day), total fibre (continuous, g/day), sugars (continuous, g/day), fruit and vegetables (continuous, g/day), red and processed meats (continuous, g/day), and whole grains (continuous, g/day); and proportion of ultra-processed food consumed in the diet, in weight (continuous, %). Standard deviations of emulsifier intakes (mg/day) were 3170.8 for total emulsifiers, 52.0 for total alginates, 35.3 for E401, 75.7 for total carrageenans, 73.2 for E407, 14.1 for E407a, 502.6 for total phosphates,58.4 for E339, 96.5 for E340, 227.2 for E341, 349.7 for E450, 122.3 for E451, 86.2 for E452, 93.4 for total celluloses, 69.4 for E460, 32.8 for E464, 32.0 for E466, 287.5 for total monoglycerides and diglycerides of FAs, 208.6 for E471, 103.7 for E472b, 57.6 for E472c, 28.3 for E472e, 63.5 for total polyglycerol esters of FAs, 61.5 for E475, 15.7 for E476, 23.1 for total lactylates, 22.7 for E481, 1147.1 for total modified starches, 78.3 for E322, 280.5 for E331, 69.7 for E410, 233.8 for E412, 428.1 for E414, 221.1 for E415, 310.6 for E440, 42.6 for E442, 2116.7 for E500, and 0.6 for E901. CVD=cardiovascular disease; FAs=fatty acids