Figure 3.

Forelimb vertical climbing kinematic (a,b) and morphological (c–e) contrasts between chimpanzees (light blue) and sooty mangabeys (light orange). Chimpanzees exhibited significantly greater degrees of shoulder flexion (a) and elbow extension (b) than sooty mangabeys during vertical descent, but not vertical ascent. Sooty mangabeys had relatively narrower (c) and craniocaudally curved (d) glenoid cavities, but larger olecranon processes than chimpanzees (e). Diamonds indicate means and vertical bars are ±1 s.d. See electronic supplementary material for definitions of size-standard measurements.