TABLE 3.
Licensed vaccines for pneumococcal, influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and herpes zoster with different indications, efficacy, prevention of exacerbations and side-effects
| Vaccine | Vaccine type | Indication | Vaccine efficacy | Prevention of COPD exacerbations | Side-effects |
| PPSV23 | Polysaccharide-based vaccine | Pneumococcus | 45% PPSV23-type IPD [140] | By year 5: 47% PPSV23 versus 82% placebo [29] | Injection-site redness and pain Tiredness Fever Muscle aches |
| PCV13 | Conjugate vaccine | Pneumococcus | 47–68% PCV13-type IPD (≥65 years) [140] | By year 5: 3.3% PCV13 versus 82% placebo [29] | Injection-site redness, swelling, pain and |
| PCV15 | Conjugate vaccine | Pneumococcus | Not available | Not available | tenderness |
| PCV20 | Conjugate vaccine | Pneumococcus | Not available | Not available | Loss of appetite Irritability Headache Muscle aches or joint pain Chills |
| HD QIV | High-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine | Influenza | 24.2% (≥65 years) compared to standard dose [141] | Meta-analysis for different influenza vaccine types: significant reduction in exacerbations (p<0.001) [142] | Injection-site pain Muscle pain Malaises Headache Rare: fainting, dizziness, vision changes, ear ringing |
| aQIV | MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent vaccine | Influenza | 24–63% (≥65 years), 3.2% compared to HD QIV [143] | Mild pain Tenderness Fatigue Myalgia |
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| BNT162b2 | mRNA | SARS-CoV-2 | 96% (no chronic medical conditions), 83% (≥3 conditions) [89] | Not available | Injection-site pain Fatigue Headache New or worsened muscle pain Fever |
| mRNA-1273 | mRNA | SARS-CoV-2 | 86.4% (≥65 years) [144] | Not available | Injection-site pain, axillary swelling, redness Irritability/crying Fatigue Fever |
| RZV | Adjuvanted recombinant subunit vaccine | Herpes zoster | 97% [102] | Not available | Injection-site pain, redness, swelling Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Fever Rare: allergic reactions, Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis |
aQIV: adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine; HD QIV: high-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine; IPD: invasive pneumococcal disease; PCV: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PPSV: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; RZV: recombinant zoster vaccine.