Table 5.

Recommendations for further research into vaccine confidence and uptake among migrant groups

√ Generate evidence to more fully understand drivers of under-immunization and vaccine hesitancy in diverse migrant populations in low- and middle-income countries and in humanitarian contexts globally (including closed settings such as migrant camps and detention centres). √ Explore and assess the influence of social media-based communication as a new and major source of vaccine misinformation in marginalized populations with less access to robust public health messaging, including the extent to which certain nationalities and marginalized groups are being specifically targeted. √ Better understand the role of diaspora media, and a migrant’s links to their country of origin, and how this may specifically influence their views around a specific vaccine or vaccine-preventable disease. Factor this into the development of specific strategies to improve vaccine uptake. √ Address the major gap in research to measure the impact of refugees’ and migrants’ attitudes and knowledge around vaccination and various social process and physical barriers on subsequent uptake of vaccines, and the extent to which initiatives are effective in increasing uptake of a specific vaccination. √ Better define the role of healthcare workers and employers, and appropriate communication strategies that could be adopted, to drive vaccine uptake for COVID-19. √ Renewed efforts and investment must be placed on supporting countries to collect, analyse and source refugee- and migrant-disaggregated, gender-disaggregated and local-level data pertaining to vaccine hesitancy and its impact on vaccination uptake/coverage in refugee and migrant populations.