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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 6.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2023 Jun 15;184:106202. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106202

Table 1.

Effector immune cells of the adaptive immune system levels in ADRD.

Cell Type effector cells’ changes in ADRD
Th1 ⇔ in MCI due to AD (Oberstein et al., 2018)
⇑ in AD (Zhang and Niu, 2022)
Th2 ⇓ in AD (Zhang and Niu, 2022)
Th17 ⇑ in MCI due to AD (Oberstein et al., 2018)
⇑ in AD (Zhang and Niu, 2022), (Zeng et al., 2022)
Through IL-17A
-⇑ in aMCI (Dubenko et al., 2021)
-⇑ in AD (Chen et al., 2014), (Behairi et al., 2015), (Dubenko et al., 2021)
Treg ⇑ in MCI (Fu et al., 2020)
⇓ in AD (Ciccocioppo et al., 2019), (Fu et al., 2020)
⇔ in MCI and AD (Oberstein et al., 2018)
Th9 Through IL-9
⇑ in MCI (Saresella et al., 2011)
⇑ in AD (Saresella et al., 2011)
γδ T cells Unknown in human
NKT ⇑ in MCI and AD (Busse et al., 2021)
Memory B cells ⇑ in MCI (Stowe et al., 2017)
⇑ in AD (Bulati et al., 2015), (Park et al., 2022)
⇔ in AD (Söllvander, 2015)
Plasma B cells ⇓in AD (Pellicanò, 2010), (Busse et al., 2017)

Abbreviations: MCI: Mild Cognitive Impairment, AD: Alzheimer’s Disease, Th: Helper T cells, Treg: Regulatory T cells, NKT: Natural Killer T cells, γδ: gamma delta. Symbols: ⇑ increase, ⇓ decrease and ⇔ no change.