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. 2023 Aug 23;14:1218148. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1218148

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Copyright © 2023 Tian, Han, Yang, Li, Shi and Tian

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The schematic diagram illustrates the various pathways involved in lactoferrin (Lf) signaling in osteoblasts. (A) Lfsignaling via LRP1 in osteoblasts leads to mitogenesis and differentiation through the RAS-MAPK pathway. Lf binds to LRP1, triggering the activation of ERK, which promotes osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. The activation of ERK also induces mitogenesis in osteoblasts. (B) Lf can also signal through the TGFb receptor II (TβRII) in osteoblasts, activating smad 2, 3. This pathway results in the upregulation of osteogenic genes and promotes osteoblast differentiation. (C) Lfsignaling via the IGF-1 receptor in osteoblasts activates the PI3K/Akt and mTOR pathway, promoting osteoblast differentiation and survival independently of LRP1. This pathway promotes the survival of osteoblasts by inhibiting apoptosis. Image is made using the Biorender Software.