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. 2023 Aug 22;169(8):001384. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.001384

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© 2023 The Authors

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.

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Fig. 1. — Illustration of the eco-evolutionary mechanisms at play in intensively farmed soils which can shape the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microbial communities. Cross-resistance and co-regulation occurs when stress-resistance mechanisms inadvertently upregulate AMR genes either directly (cross-resistance) or indirectly (co-regulation). The spread of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in soil bacterial communities exposed to stress can also cause AMR dissemination since stress-resistance and AMR genes are often present on MGEs (co-resistance) [15]. Finally, trade-offs between resistance mechanisms could instead constrain AMR evolution when selection for resistance against one stressor increases sensitivity to a second stressor [91].