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. 2023 Sep 4;16(9):768–774. doi: 10.1038/s41561-023-01254-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a,b, Time series of the hygroscopicity parameters under sub-saturation derived from growth factor (κ_GF) and supersaturations derived from cloud condensation nuclei activation (κ_CCN). c, Time series of mass concentrations of non-refractory components (sulfate, organics, ammonium and nitrate) measured by ACSM, BC mass concentration (black line) and derived mass concentrations in the size ranges of 10 to 300 nm (M_10–300nm) and 10 to 625 nm (M_10–_625nm) in purple and cyan lines, respectively. d, Particle hygroscopicity as a function of particle diameter during blowing-snow (BS) events in blue (κ_CCN) and cyan (κ_GF) and non-blowing-snow (non-BS) periods in black (κ_CCN) and grey (κ_GF). Markers and error bars represent the median values and 25th to 75th percentiles. The sample size used to derive statistics is shown in the text. Particle hygroscopicities of representative species are shown as reference lines^31,32. e, Bar plots of derived mass concentrations (M_10–_300nm and M_10–_625nm) and mass concentrations of major species during BS events and background (BG) periods.