Table 3.
Extracted data from reviews studying interventions regarding exercise, nutrition and a combination of exercise and nutrition
| Author | Intervention | Included Primary Studiesc | Sample Size per Outcome | Effect (95% of CI) | p-value | I2% | GRADE Confidence in Evidence | AMSTAR Rating | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training | |||||||||
| Eglseer et al. [27••] | Body fat in % | 4 | IG 104 | CG 94 | -1.53 (-2.91 to -0.15) | 0.03 | 28% | Moderate | Moderate |
| Hita-Contreras et al. [21] | 3 | IG 102 | CG 96 | -0.56 (-1.46 to 0.34)b | 0.22 | 0% | Low | Low | |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 5 | IG 121 | CG 104 | -2.67 (-4.03 to -1.32) | < 0.05 | 17% | Very low | Critically low | |
| Yin et al. [22] | 3 | IG 117 | CG 102 | -1.82 (-4.29 to 0.65) | 0.15 | 66% | Moderate | Low | |
| Hita-Contreras et al. [21] | Total body fat mass in kg | 2 | IG 33 | CG 32 | -1.45 (-5.04 to 2.14)b | 0.43 | 0% | Low | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 3 | IG 58 | CG 53 | -3.28 (-5.63 to-0.94) | 0.006 | 0% | Very low | Critically low | |
| Eglseer et al. [27••] | Total muscle mass in kg | 3 | IG 73 | CG 63 | -0.01 (-0.98 to 0.96) | 0.99 | 11% | Very low | Moderate |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 4 | IG 88 | CG 73 | 0.36 (-0.96 to 1.68) | 0.59 | 0% | Very low | Critically low | |
| Hita-Contreras et al. [21] | SMMI | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | 0.18 (-0.54 to 0.89)b | 0.63 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 2 | IG 48 | CG 38 | 0.28 (-0.15 to 0.71) | 0.20 | 0% | Moderate | Low | |
| Eglseer et al. [27••] | Grip strength in kg | 3 | IG 73 | CG 63 | 3.73 (2.60 to 4.85) | < 0.0001 | 0% | Moderate | Moderate |
| Hita-Contreras et al. [21] | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | 6.00 (-1.68 to 13.68)b | 0.13 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 3 | IG 73 | CG 67 | 4.52 (1.88 to 7.17) | 0.0008 | 0% | Very low | Critically low | |
| Yin et al. [22] | 2 | IG 48 | CG 38 | 2.88 (-0.88 to 6.64) | 0.13 | 46% | Moderate | Low | |
| Eglseer et al. [27••] | Lower/leg extremity strength in kg | 1 | IG 14 | CG 14 | 9.97 (4.43 to 15.51) | 0.0004 | n.a* | Low | Moderate |
| Eglseer et al. [27••] | Gait speed in m/s | 3 | IG 72 | CG 62 | 0.17 (0.01 to 0.34) | 0.04 | 85% | Low | Moderate |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 3 | IG 69 | CG 55 | 0.23 (0.00 to 0.46) | 0.05 | 91% | Very low | Critically low | |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 33 | CG 23 | 0.14 (0.05 to 0.23) | 0.002 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Aerobic Training | |||||||||
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Body fat in % | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | -1.70 (-5.90 to 2.50b | 0.43 | n.a* | Low | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | -1.50 (-4.83 to 1.83) | 0.38 | n.a* | Very low | Critically low | |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | -1.70 (-4.99 to 1.59) | 0.31 | n.a* | Low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Total body fat mass in kg | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | -1.50 (-6.99 to 3.99)b | 0.59 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | -5.20 (-9.47 to -0.93) | 0.02 | n.a.* | Very low | Critically low | |
| Hsu et al. [26] | Total muscle mass in kg | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | -1.00 (-3.51 to 1.51) | 0.44 | n.a.* | Very low | Critically low |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | SMMI | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | 0.26 (-0.46 to 0.98)b | 0.48 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | 0.33 (-0.39 to 1.05) | 0.37 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Grip strength in kg | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | -0.40 (-8.08 to 7.28)b | 0.92 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | -0.50 (-6.22 to 5.22) | 0.86 | n.a.* | Very low | Critically low | |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | -0.40 (-6.35 to 5.55) | 0.90 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Mixed Training | |||||||||
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Body fat in % | 3 | IG 75 | CG 74 | -1.63 (-3.53 to 0.27)b | 0.09 | 0% | Low | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 3 | IG 74 | CG 74 | -2.05 (-3.50 to -0.61) | 0.005 | 0% | Very low | Critically low | |
| Yin et al. [22] | 3 | IG 74 | CG 74 | -1.63 (-3.30 to 0.03) | 0.05 | 23% | Moderate | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al.[21] | Total Body Fat Mass in kg | 2 | IG 50 | CG 49 | -0.40 (-3.08 to 2.27)b | 0.77 | 0% | Low | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 2 | IG 49 | CG 49 | -2.34 (-4.26 to -0.43) | 0.02 | 66% | Very low | Critically low | |
| Hsu et al. [26] | Total muscle mass in kg | 1 | IG 15 | CG 15 | 0.20 (-2.48 to 2.88) | 0.88 | n.a.* | Very low | Critically low |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | ASMM in kg | 2 | IG 60 | CG 59 | 0.22 (-0.69 to 1.13) | 0.63 | 0% | Low | Low |
| Yin et al.[22] | 2 | IG 59 | CG 59 | 0.25 (-0.47 to 0.98) | 0.50 | 0% | Moderate | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | SMMI | 2 | IG 50 | CG 49 | -0.03 (-0.56 to 0.51)b | 0.96 | 38% | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 2 | IG 49 | CG 49 | 0.02 (-0.61 to 0.66) | 0.94 | 55% | Moderate | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Grip strength | 3 | IG 75 | CG 74 | 1.86 (-1.04 to 4.75)b | 0.21 | 59% | Moderate | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 3 | IG 74 | CG 74 | 2.33 (-1.63 to 6.30) | 0.25 | 88% | Very low | Critically low | |
| Yin et al. [22] | 3 | IG 74 | CG 74 | 1.71 (-1.25 to 4.68) | 0.26 | 78% | Low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Gait speed in m/s | 2 | IG 60 | CG 59 | 0.12 (0.02 to 0.22)b | 0.02 | 0% | Moderate | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | 2 | IG 59 | CG 59 | 0.15 (0.04 to 0.26) | 0.006 | 51% | Very low | Critically low | |
| Yin et al. [22] | 2 | IG 59 | CG 59 | 0.14 (0.05 to 0.23) | 0.002 | 27% | Moderate | Low | |
| WB-EMS | |||||||||
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Body fat in % | 1 | IG 25 | CG 25 | -0.06 (-0.65 to 0.53)b | 0.84 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 25 | CG 25 | -0.06 (-0.65 to 0.53) | 0.84 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | SMMI | 1 | IG 25 | CG 25 | 1.25 (0.64 to 1.86)b | < 0.0001 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 25 | CG 25 | 1.29 (0.68 to 1.90) | < 0.0001 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hita-Contreras et al. [21] | Grip strength | 1 | IG 25 | CG 25 | 0.97 (-0.05 to 1.99)b | 0.06 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 25 | CG 25 | 0.97 (-0.05 to 1.99) | 0.06 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hita-Contreras et al. [21] | Gait speed in m/s | 1 | IG 25 | CG 25 | 0.11 (0.02 to 0.20)b | 0.02 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 25 | CG 25 | 0.11 (0.02 to 0.20) | 0.02 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Protein supplementation | |||||||||
| Yin et al. [22] | Body fat in % | 2 | IG 66 | CG 68 | -1.03 (-2.29 to 0.23) | 0.11 | 37% | Moderate | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | Total body fat mass in kg | 2 | IG 45 | CG 40 | -0.35 (-2.41 to 1.72) | 0.74 | 23% | Very low | Critically low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | Total muscle mass in kg | 1 | IG 12 | CG 6 | 1.07 (-1.70 to 3.84) | 0.45 | n.a * | Very low | Critically low |
| Yin et al. [22] | SMMI | 2 | IG 66 | CG 68 | 0.32 (-0.60 to 1.24) | 0.49 | 86% | Low | Low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | Grip strength in kg | 2 | IG 66 | CG 68 | -0.11 (-2.02 to 1.80) | 0.91 | 0% | Very low | Critically low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 2 | IG 66 | CG 68 | 0.61 (-0.49 to 1.70) | 0.28 | 0% | Moderate | Low | |
| Low-calorie + High-protein Intake | |||||||||
| Hsu et al. [26] | Total body fat mass in kg | 2 | IG 63 | CG 59 | -0.82 (-1.34 to -0.30) | 0.02 | 58% | Very low | Critically low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | Total muscle mass in kg | 2 | IG 63 | CG 59 | 0.65 (-1.06 to 2.42) | 0.46 | 0% | Very low | Critically low |
| Hsu et al. [26] | Grip strength in kg | 2 | IG 63 | CG 59 | 0.68 (-1.06 to 2.42) | 0.45 | 0% | Very low | Critically low |
| Resistance training + Protein supplementation | |||||||||
| Eglseer et al. [27••] | Total body fat mass in kg | 2 | IG 21 | CG 23 | -0.76 (-4.56 to 3.04)d | 0.70 | 0% | Low | Moderate |
| Eglseer et al. [27••] | Total muscle mass in kg | 2 | IG 21 | CG 23 | -0.45 (-2.54 to 1.64)d | 0.68 | 0% | Low | Moderate |
| Mixed Training + Protein supplementation | |||||||||
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Body fat in % | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | -0.30 (-3.35 to 2.75)b | 0.858 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | -0.30 (-2.54 to 1.94) | 0.79 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Total body fat mass in kg | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | -0.20 (-3.26 to 2.86)b | 0.90 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | ASMM | 1 | IG 36! | CG 34! | -0.10 (-0.88 to 0.68)a,b | 0.80 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | -0.10 (-1.12 to 0.92) | 0.85 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | SMMI | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | -0.02 (-0.49 to 0.44)b | 0.92 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | -0.03 (-0.49 to 0.44) | 0.92 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Grip strength in kg | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | 0.70 (-2.34 to 3.74)b | 0.65 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | 0.70 (-1.53 to 2.93) | 0.54 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Gait speed in m/s | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | 0.00 (-0.13 to 0.13)b | 1.00 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 36 | CG 34 | 0.00 (-0.09 to 0.09) | 1.00 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Aerobic Training + Protein supplementation | |||||||||
| Eglseer et al. [27••] | Total body fat mass in kg | 1 | IG 54 | CG 50 | -0.8 (-1.32 to 0.28)e | 0.003 | n.a.* | Low | Moderate |
| Eglseer et al. [27••] | Total muscle mass in kg | 1 | IG 54 | CG 50 | -0.8 (-1.32 to 0.28)e | 0.003 | n.a.* | Low | Moderate |
| WB-EMS + Protein supplementation | |||||||||
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Body fat in % | 2 | IG 58 | CG 59 | -1.27 (-3.33 to 0.79)b | 0.23 | 94% | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 2 | IG 58 | CG 59 | -1.27 (-3.33 to 0.79) | 0.23 | 94% | Very low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Total body fat mass in kg | 1 | IG 33 | CG 34 | -2.01 (-2.82 to -1.20)b | < 0.0001 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | ASMM in kg | 1 | IG 33 | CG 34 | 0.44 (0.20 to 0.68)b | 0.0003 | n.a.* | Low | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 1 | IG 33 | CG 34 | 0.46 (0.22 to 0.70) | 0.0002 | n.a.* | Low | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | SMMI | 2 | IG 58 | CG 59 | 0.72 (0.22 to 1.23)b | 0.005 | 43% | Moderate | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 2 | IG 58 | CG 59 | 1.18 (0.78 to 1.57) | < 0.0001 | 0% | Moderate | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Grip strength in kg | 2 | IG 58 | CG 59 | 1.10 (0.30 to 1.90)b | 0.007 | 0% | Moderate | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 2 | IG 58 | CG 59 | 1.31 (0.50 to 2.11) | 0.001 | 0% | Moderate | Low | |
| Hita -Contreras et al. [21] | Gait speed in m/s | 2 | IG 58 | CG 59 | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)b | 0.0001 | 0% | Moderate | Low |
| Yin et al. [22] | 2 | IG 58 | CG 59 | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) | 0.0001 | 0% | Moderate | Low | |
IG Intervention Group, CG Control Group, CI Confidence Interval
*na, not applicable
aIG was corrected from n = 6 to n = 36 according to the primary study by Kim et al. 2016, and the effect was newly calculated using the mean and SD according to [21]
bEffect size was calculated using RevMan 5.4
cPrimary studies included in the reviews are partially overlapping
dCompared to resistance training alone
eCompared to aerobic training alone