Table 3.

Participant characteristics of the included systematic reviews

Author(s), publication year	N	Age (years)	Women, %	BMI	Country (ethnicity)
Ang et al. (2021)	21 173	≥ 18, mean 45.9 (SD 9.84, range 25.8–60.5)	45.1	27.1 (SD 2.47, range 23.0–30.5)	8 in KR (Korean), 5 in CN (Chinese), 2 in IN (Indian), the USA (Filipino American), SG (multiracial), HK (Chinese), JP (Japanese), 2 in TW (Chinese; Indonesian)
Antoun et al. (2022)	16 to 449, mean 113	≥ 18	N/A	≥ 25	22 in the USA, 3 in AU and NZ, SE, DE, the UK, JP, SG, KR
Beleigoli et al. (2019)	1525	18–65	predominantly women	≥ 25	N/A
Berry and Kassavou et al. (2021)	1190	≥ 18	N/A	≥ 25	7 in the USA, 3 in AU, 1 in DE, 1 in the UK
Berry and Sala et al. (2021)	1471	≥ 18	12 out of 13 trials reported participants’ gender characteristics. Across these trials, women formed a weighted mean percentage of 62.76 (IQR 68.95 to 88.03)	BMI ≥ 25	6 studies included predominantly white people (56–77%), 1 only non-white people, 1 study reported 37.5–72.2% of the population being African American, 5 studies did not report ethnicity or race
Besson et al. (2020)	Mean sample size 142 (SD 110.4)	≥ 18	N/A	≥ 25	11 in the USA, AU, KR, BE, FI
Chew et al. (2022)	2870	mean 22.7–70.1	0–90.7	Mean 27.5–36.2	12 in the USA, UK, AU, JP, CN
Dounavi et al. (2019)	N/A	≥ 18	NRSIs: 16 included men and women, 1 only women	“Increased”; in RCTs ≥ 25	NRSIs: 9 in the USA, 3 in the UK, AU, CA, CN, NZ, N/A; RCTs: 8 in the USA, 5 in AU, 2 in FI, CA, RU, IE, 1 in the NL, 1 in the UK, KR
Holmes et al. (2018)	1939, mean 277, range 34–1032	Mean in children 9.9, mean in adults 44.5	Mean 63	N/A	N/A
Houser et al. (2019)	from 20 to nearly 2500	adults	N/A	N/A	US
Huang et al. (2018)	6253	≥ 18	N/A	N/A	N/A
Islam et al. (2020)	1714	mean 12.7–44.9	mostly women	N/A	5 in AU, 4 in North America, 2 in Europe, 1 in Asia
Jahangiry et al. (2021)	779	≥ 18	N/A	≥ 25	USA, AU, DE, KR
Lahtio et al. (2022)	6103	mean 40.2	Mean 58	N/A	N/A
Lau et al. (2020)	5816	18–64	N/A	≥ 25	USA, AU, IL
LeBlanc et al. (2018)	272 526	Mean 22.7–65.1, range ≥ 18 ≤ 80 years	N/A	N/A	71 in the USA, 28 in Europe (excluding the UK), 16 in the UK, 5 in AU or NZ, 3 in CA, 3 in JP
Lee et al. (2022)	13 392	≥ 18, reported means from 34.2 to 51	N/A	N/A*	4 in the USA, 2 in JP, 2 in DE, DK, IR, the NL
Mamalaki et al. (2022)	2941	≥ 18	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mata-Gonzáles et al. (2020)	9897 (from 49 to 6795)	18–60	N/A	≥ 25	10 in the USA, 7 in AU, 2 in the UK, CA, AT
Novaes et al. (2022)	Remote: 739 (from 15 to 333, mean 105.6); hybrid 1145 (from 13 to 412, mean 127)	Remote: means from 37 to 55.5; hybrid: between 18 and 65	Remote: 45; hybrid: 55.19	N/A	remote: 4 in the USA, CH, TW, ZA; hybrid: 6 in the USA, 2 in the UK, the NL
O’Boyle et al. (2022)	mHealth from 25 to 351, eHealth from 60 to 398	from 18 to 68; eHealth 18 to 75	N/A	≥ 25	N/A
Podina et al. (2018)	15 349	≥ 18	N/A	≥ 25, reported means 29–35.7	N/A
Puigdomènech et al. (2019)	Sample size from 10 to 15 310, 17 studies had a sample size of less than 100	N/A	Majority of women	N/A	17 in the UK, 3 in AU, 2 in KR, UK, BE, ES, the NL, CN, IL
Rumbo-Rodriguez et al. (2020)	22 918	Mean 40.9	51.1	≥ 25	34 in the USA, 3 in AU, 2 in ES, 3 in CN, 2 in the UK, IT, KR, IR
Shi et al. (2022)	N/A	Mean 20.5–69.0	N/A	Mean 26.1–38.1	57 in the USA, 10 in AU, 8 in the UK, 6 in JP, 5 in the NL, 3 in ES, IR, CA, TR, FI, FR, PL, KR, HK
Varela et al. (2021)	2426	≥ 18	48.4	29–33.9	8 in AU, 7 in the USA

BMI body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), RCT randomized controlled trial, NRSI non-randomized study of intervention, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, USA United States of America, UK United Kingdom, AU Australia, NZ New Zealand, CA Canada, JP Japan, KR Korea (the Republic of), CN China, IN India, SG Singapore, HK Hong Kong, TW Taiwan, SE Sweden, DE Germany, BE Belgium, FI Finland, RU Russia, IE Ireland, NL Netherlands, IL Israel, DK Denmark, AT Austria, CH Switzerland, ZA South Africa, ES Spain, IT Italy, IR Iran, TR Turkey, FR France, PL Poland