Table 1. Sex-specific participants’ baseline characteristics according to quartiles of energy-adjusted dietary vitamin K consumption among Japanese adults.
| Characteristics | Energy-adjusted dietary vitamin K intake | P for trend | |||
|
| |||||
| Q1 (Low) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 (High) | ||
| Men | |||||
| Amount, µg/day | 101.2 (33.7) | 145.6 (33.2) | 198.8 (36.5) | 276.7 (40.7) | — |
| Subjects, n | 4,085 | 4,085 | 4,086 | 4,085 | — |
| Age, years | 53.4 (9.2) | 55.7 (10.1) | 57.0 (10.2) | 58.8 (10.1) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.8 (2.8) | 22.7 (2.8) | 22.7 (2.8) | 22.6 (2.7) | 0.002 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 7.1 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 2.6 | <0.0001 |
| Current smokers, % | 56.8 | 52.4 | 50.2 | 46.6 | <0.0001 |
| Current drinkers, % | 79.4 | 75.8 | 72.5 | 70.5 | <0.0001 |
| Walking ≥1 hour/day, % | 42.9 | 42.1 | 45.4 | 46.6 | <0.0001 |
| Sports ≥5 hour/week, % | 4.5 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 8.3 | <0.0001 |
| Sleep duration, hours/day | 7.4 (1.1) | 7.4 (1.0) | 7.4 (1.1) | 7.5 (1.1) | <0.0001 |
| Higher education, % | 43.5 | 46.3 | 46.0 | 46.3 | <0.0001 |
| High perceived stress, % | 13.1 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 11.3 | <0.0001 |
| Energy, Kcal/day | 1,757 (478) | 1,649 (476) | 1,708 (477) | 1,748 (465) | 0.35 |
| Total vegetable intake, g/day | 67 (132) | 138 (213) | 239 (282) | 502 (345) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin A intake, µg/day | 758 (624) | 930 (656) | 1,167 (772) | 1,447 (893) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C intake, mg/day | 87 (39) | 110 (40) | 131 (42) | 160 (45) | <0.0001 |
| β-cryptoxanthin intake, µg/day | 442 (377) | 544 (396) | 624 (404) | 736 (438) | <0.0001 |
| Women | |||||
| Amount, µg/day | 113.4 (35.3) | 157.2 (33.1) | 209.6 (37.8) | 277.4 (37.9) | — |
| Subjects, n | 6,456 | 6,456 | 6,457 | 6,456 | — |
| Age, years | 54.9 (9.8) | 56.0 (10.0) | 56.7 (9.9) | 58.6 (9.7) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.9 (3.2) | 22.8 (3.0) | 22.8 (3.1) | 22.8 (3.1) | 0.17 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 8.5 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 2.3 | <0.0001 |
| Current smokers, % | 6.2 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 0.08 |
| Current drinkers, % | 24.9 | 23.9 | 22.6 | 21.6 | <0.0001 |
| Walking ≥1 hour/day, % | 44.5 | 45.2 | 46.5 | 47.5 | <0.0001 |
| Sports ≥5 hour/week, % | 3.1 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 5.6 | <0.0001 |
| Sleep duration, hours/day | 7.0 (1.0) | 7.0 (1.0) | 7.0 (1.0) | 7.1 (1.1) | <0.0001 |
| Higher education, % | 38.7 | 40.9 | 42.7 | 40.1 | <0.0001 |
| High perceived stress, % | 11.7 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 9.9 | <0.0001 |
| Energy, Kcal/day | 1,422 (380) | 1,349 (334) | 1,405 (353) | 1,440 (333) | <0.0001 |
| Total vegetable intake, g/day | 110 (192) | 201 (262) | 322 (319) | 563 (331) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin A intake, µg/day | 836 (772) | 987 (755) | 1,169 (769) | 1,454 (924) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C intake, mg/day | 104 (40) | 123 (40) | 141 (40) | 166 (42) | <0.0001 |
| β-cryptoxanthin intake, µg/day | 617 (420) | 698 (417) | 755 (412) | 855 (425) | <0.0001 |
BMI, body mass index.
Means (standard deviations) or percentages were presented.