Table 2. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of lung cancer based on quartiles of vitamin K consumption among Japanese adults.

Overall	Energy-adjusted dietary vitamin K intake				P for trend
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
Person-years	136,337	141,447	142,580	143,764
Number of cases	96	121	112	101
Model 1	1.00	1.05 (0.80–1.38)	0.92 (0.70–1.21)	0.72 (0.54–0.95)	0.006
Model 2	1.00	1.06 (0.80–1.38)	0.94 (0.71–1.24)	0.74 (0.56–0.99)	0.015
Model 3	1.00	1.07 (0.80–1.42)	0.91 (0.66–1.24)	0.67 (0.46–0.96)	0.010
Men
Person-years	53,974	55,481	54,990	55,118
Number of cases	68	86	84	70
Model 1	1.00	1.00 (0.72–1.38)	0.92 (0.67–1.28)	0.65 (0.46–0.91)	0.005
Model 2	1.00	1.00 (0.72–1.38)	0.95 (0.69–1.32)	0.67 (0.47–0.95)	0.012
Model 3	1.00	1.03 (0.73–1.45)	0.94 (0.64–1.37)	0.62 (0.40–0.96)	0.016
Women
Person-years	82,363	85,966	87,589	88,646
Number of cases	28	35	28	31
Model 1	1.00	1.12 (0.68–1.84)	0.86 (0.50–1.45)	0.86 (0.51–1.45)	0.370
Model 2	1.00	1.12 (0.68–1.85)	0.86 (0.50–1.46)	0.87 (0.51–1.47)	0.400
Model 3	1.00	1.13 (0.67–1.92)	0.83 (0.46–1.52)	0.82 (0.42–1.61)	0.390
P for interaction = 0.012

Model 1 adjusted for age (continuous) and area of residence (categories) in addition to sex in the combined analysis.

Model 2 adjusted further for alcohol intake (current, ex or never drinker), BMI (<18, 18 to <25, or ≥25 kg/m²), family history of cancer (with or without family history), mental stress (high or relatively high, normal, or low), smoking status (current, former, or never smoker), sports hours (never, 1–2 hours per week, 3–4 hours per week, ≥5 hours per week), walking hours (never, <30 min per day, 30–60 min per day, or >60 min per day), educational years (<18 or ≥19 years).

Model 3 adjusted further for quartiles of energy (categories), quartiles of energy-adjusted vitamin A, vitamin C, and β-cryptoxanthin intakes (categories).