Table 3. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of lung cancer based on quartiles of vitamin K consumption stratified by smoking status among men and women combined.
| Energy-adjusted dietary vitamin K intake | P for trend | 1-SD increment of energy-adjusted vitamin K intake |
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| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||
| Never smokers | ||||||
| Person-years | 82,122 | 87,173 | 90,670 | 91,807 | — | — |
| Number of cases | 28 | 34 | 31 | 33 | — | — |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.64–1.75) | 0.89 (0.53–1.49) | 0.85 (0.51–1.42) | 0.390 | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.63–1.74) | 0.87 (0.52–1.46) | 0.83 (0.50–1.40) | 0.360 | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.64–1.84) | 0.87 (0.48–1.57) | 0.79 (0.40–1.55) | 0.370 | 0.86 (0.67–1.10) |
| Ever smokers | ||||||
| Person-years | 48,646 | 48,292 | 45,998 | 45,043 | — | — |
| Number of cases | 65 | 85 | 79 | 62 | — | — |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | 0.64 (0.45–0.92) | 0.006 | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.75–1.45) | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.63 (0.44–0.91) | 0.004 | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | 0.57 (0.36–0.91) | 0.006 | 0.82 (0.70–0.97) |
| P for interaction = 0.300 | ||||||
Model 1 adjusted for age (continuous) and area of residence (categories) in addition to sex in the combined analysis.
Model 2 adjusted further for alcohol intake (current, ex or never drinker), BMI (<18, 18 to <25, or ≥25 kg/m2), family history of cancer (with or without family history), mental stress (high or relatively high, normal, or low), smoking status (current, former, or never smoker), sports hours (never, 1–2 hours per week, 3–4 hours per week, ≥5 hours per week), walking hours (never, <30 min per day, 30–60 min per day, or >60 min per day), educational years (<18 or ≥19 years).
Model 3 adjusted further for quartiles of energy (categories), quartiles of energy-adjusted vitamin A, vitamin C, and β-cryptoxanthin intakes (categories).