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(A) Summary of the effects of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). (B) Summary of the effects of formaldehyde in the pathogenesis of AD. Hsp 70.1, heat shock protein 70.1; LMP, lysosomal membrane permeabilization; Aβ, amyloid β; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
