Fluorescence lifetimes for TPP in the indicated membranes measured with the time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique; excitation at 465 nm and emission collection at 650 nm and 720 nm (averaged lifetimes from the two emission wavelengths; in brackets: fractional intensities). FLIM fluorescence lifetimes with fractional intensity of the fitted sample area, excitation at 405 nm and emission centred at 655 nm.

Sample	τ TCSPC (ns) (Ii%)	τ FLIM (ns) (Ii%)
CA_0.01% GO_0.1% TPP	≤0.1 (12%); 11.5 (88%)	0.5 (1%); 10.7 (99%)
CA_SURF_0.01% GO_0.1% TPP	0.4 (27%); 9.0 (73%)	0.4 (16%); 2.3 (15%); 9.1 (69%)