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. 2023 Jul 19;49(5):1269–1280. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbad013

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

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Fig. 1. — Raw and fully adjusted ORs of first-episode psychosis for lifetime patterns of stimulant use and the combined measure of cocaine and/or stimulant use for the whole sample. Raw ORs are adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity, whereas fully adjusted ORs were additionally adjusted for recent and lifetime cannabis use and education level. Error bars represent 95% of CIs. The reference group for both raw and fully adjusted ORs is abstainers (recent or lifetime, accordingly). Asterisks represent significant ORs (P < .05). CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.