Table 2.
Effect of treatment on renal parameters and metabolic syndrome components in the per-protocol set
| Baseline | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urine pH, median (IQR) | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 5.56 (5.32–5.77) | 5.76 (5.43–6.35) | 5.80 (5.46–6.10) | 5.82 (5.47–6.40) |
| Citrate mixture | 5.42 (5.25–5.88) | 6.04 (5.54–6.49) | 5.89 (5.51–6.38) | 6.02 (5.67–6.65) |
| TaCCi mixture | 5.51 (5.34–5.72) | 5.79 (5.46–6.25) | 5.74 (5.50–6.32) | 5.88 (5.55–6.28) |
| Serum urate, mean ± S.D, μmol/L | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 538 ± 68.3 | 380 ± 71.9* | 358 ± 61.5* | 370 ± 82.3* |
| Citrate mixture | 533 ± 59.3 | 371 ± 67.1* | 350 ± 56.4* | 360 ± 64.6* |
| TaCCi mixture | 524 ± 68.1 | 369 ± 68.7* | 357 ± 60.2* | 360 ± 59.0* |
| Serum urate < 360 μmol/L, patients (%) | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | - | 37 (43.0%) | 45 (52.3%) | 46 (53.5%) |
| Citrate mixture | - | 39 (45.4%) | 53 (61.6%) | 49 (57.0%) |
| TaCCi mixture | - | 40 (48.8%) | 45 (54.9%) | 45 (54.9%) |
| Serum urate < 300 μmol/L, patients (%) | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | - | 6 (7.00%) | 12 (14.0%) | 14 (16.3%) |
| Citrate mixture | - | 10 (11.6%) | 10 (11.6%) | 13 (15.1%) |
| TaCCi mixture | - | 9 (11.0%) | 12 (14.6%) | 14 (17.1%) |
| Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m2 | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 26.8 (24.8–29.0) | 27.0 (24.8–28.8) | 27.0 (24.5–28.7) | 27.2 (24.8–28.9)* |
| Citrate mixture | 27.2 (25.0–28.9) | 27.2 (25.3–28.9) | 27.3 (25.0–28.9) | 27.3 (25.1–28.9) |
| TaCCi mixture | 27.4 (25.3–29.1) | 27.3 (25.4–29.2) | 27.4 (25.6–29.0) | 27.4 (25.5–29.1) |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mmHg | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 135 (124–148) | 135 (124–148) | 138 (126–149)* | 137 (130–151)* |
| Citrate mixture | 135 (122–144) | 137 (124–145) | 137 (126–147) | 139 (128–147) |
| TaCCi mixture | 136 (128–149) | 137 (126–147) | 136 (127–145) | 133 (123–145)* |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean ± S.D, mmHg | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 86.8 ± 10.9 | 88.4 ± 10.2 | 89.2 ± 10.1 | 88.9 ± 10.3 |
| Citrate mixture | 87.9 ± 10.8 | 88.1 ± 10.6 | 88.0 ± 10.5 | 87.6 ± 10.4 |
| TaCCi mixture | 89.1 ± 11.2 | 87.2 ± 11.2 | 87.7 ± 10.4 | 85.9 ± 10.5* |
| Fasting blood glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 5.83 (5.61–6.30) | 5.65 (5.32–6.19) | 5.69 (5.43–6.07)* | 5.86 (5.49–6.23) |
| Citrate mixture | 5.89 (5.53–6.39) | 5.79 (5.39–6.25)* | 5.63 (5.42–6.07)* | 5.84 (5.44–6.20) |
| TaCCi mixture | 5.87 (5.57–6.18) | 5.69 (5.33–6.01)* | 5.63 (5.28–5.97)* | 5.67 (5.29–5.90)* |
| Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, median (IQR) | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 3.01 (2.36–4.70) | 2.68 (1.99–3.97) | 2.73 (2.13–3.66) | 2.76 (1.83–4.15) |
| Citrate mixture | 4.19 (2.26–6.21) | 3.22 (2.37–5.12) | 3.79 (2.57–5.44) | 3.26 (2.31–5.33) |
| TaCCi mixture | 3.48 (2.34–5.57) | 3.06 (1.92–4.63)* | 2.74 (2.01–4.79)* | 3.00 (2.04–5.21)* |
| Triglyceride, median (IQR), mmol/L | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 1.62 (1.16–2.81) | 1.84 (1.31–2.69) | 1.77 (1.30–2.50) | 1.60 (1.21–2.50) |
| Citrate mixture | 1.76 (1.27–2.42) | 1.68 (1.17–2.40) | 1.61 (1.11–2.27) | 1.53 (1.23–2.32) |
| TaCCi mixture | 1.76 (1.21–2.56) | 1.82 (1.23–2.34) | 1.97 (1.34–2.61) | 1.77 (1.31–2.35) |
| Total cholesterol, median (IQR), mmol/L | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 5.23 (4.73–5.81) | 5.34 (4.57–5.75) | 5.21 (4.66–5.85) | 5.28 (4.72–5.99) |
| Citrate mixture | 5.07 (4.37–5.73) | 4.86 (4.38–5.67) | 4.96 (4.27–5.72) | 5.00 (4.29–5.80) |
| TaCCi mixture | 5.24 (4.71–5.94) | 5.24 (4.56–5.84) | 5.17 (4.59–5.81) | 5.14 (4.37–5.63)* |
| Blood urea nitrogen, median (IQR), mmol/L | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 4.95 (4.28–5.90) | 5.00 (4.30–6.00) | 5.10 (4.50–5.80) | 5.10 (4.20–5.90) |
| Citrate mixture | 4.75 (4.18–5.90) | 5.25 (4.60–6.28) | 5.70 (4.60–6.25)* | 5.40 (4.58–6.23) |
| TaCCi mixture | 5.00 (4.30–5.90) | 5.00 (4.45–5.90) | 5.30 (4.63–5.90) | 5.00 (4.30–6.00) |
| Serum creatinine, median (IQR), μmoI/L | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 81.5 (73.8–92.3) | 82.0 (75.8–95.0) | 81.0 (74.0–91.0) | 83.5 (77.0–92.3) |
| Citrate mixture | 84.0 (76.0–90.0) | 85.0 (76.0–92.0) | 83.0 (75.0–93.0) | 85.5 (79.0–93.3) |
| TaCCi mixture | 84.0 (78.0–93.0) | 82.0 (76.0–93.0) | 81.0 (73.3–89.8)* | 84.0 (77.0–91.0) |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mean ± S.D, mL/min/1.73 m2 | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 94.6 ± 16.7 | 94.3 ± 18.2 | 95.0 ± 17.1 | 92.7 ± 17.0 |
| Citrate mixture | 93.5 ± 16.1 | 93.0 ± 15.8 | 94.5 ± 16.9 | 90.8 ± 16.1 |
| TaCCi mixture | 91.5 ± 15.2 | 93.1 ± 16.4 | 97.1 ± 17.1* | 92.4 ± 15.0 |
| C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 3.30 (2.40–4.50) | - | - | 3.30 (2.40–5.90) |
| Citrate mixture | 3.60 (2.65–4.15) | - | - | 3.25 (2.90–4.53) |
| TaCCi mixture | 3.50 (2.40–4.20) | - | - | 2.00 (2.00–2.80)**##†† |
| Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, median (IQR), mg/g | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 3.01 (0.56–11.2) | - | - | 1.72 (0.73–7.08) |
| Citrate mixture | 3.29 (0.44–10.3) | - | - | 1.17 (0.71–4.14)**# |
| TaCCi mixture | 7.42 (0.72–11.9) | - | - | 0.89 (0.40–1.82)**##† |
| Patients with hemoglobinuria (n (%)) | ||||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 3 (3.49%) | 2 (2.33%) | 1 (1.16%) | 1 (1.16%) |
| Citrate mixture | 4 (4.65%) | 3 (3.49%) | 2 (2.33%) | 3 (3.49%) |
| TaCCi mixture | 3 (3.66%) | 2 (2.44%) | 1 (1.22%) | 1 (1.22%) |
Data were shown as mean ± standard derivation (S.D) or median (interquartile range, IQR)
TaCCi mixture, tart cherry supplementary citrate mixture
*compared to baseline p < 0.05, ** compared to baseline p < 0.01; #compared to sodium bicarbonate p < 0.05, ##compared to sodium bicarbonate p < 0.01; † compared to citrate mixture p < 0.05; †† compared to citrate mixture p < 0.01