Table 3.
Univariate analysis of potential associated factors of emergence delirium
| Characteristics | With ED (N = 135) |
Without ED (N = 47) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age, year | 54(18–82) | 45(19–76) | 0.028 |
| Gender, N (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Male | 71(52.6) | 38(80.9) | |
| Female | 64(47.4) | 9(19.2) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2(21.5, 26.5) | 25.9(22.7, 27.7) | 0.042 |
| MAP at admission, mmHg | 97.8 (12.1) | 100 (10.6) | 0.180 |
| ASA, N (%) | > 0.999 | ||
| I | 83 (61.5) | 29(61.7) | |
| II | 52(38.5) | 18(38.3) | |
| Head ache, N (%) | 0.183 | ||
| Negative | 67(69.1) | 27(81.8) | |
| Positive | 30(30.9) | 6(18.2) | |
| Nasal obstruction, N (%) | 0.306 | ||
| Negative | 73(54.1) | 30(63.8) | |
| Positive | 62(45.9) | 17(36.2) | |
| Nasal obstruction side, N (%) | 0.750 | ||
| Single | 17(38.6) | 6(46.2) | |
| Both | 27(61.4) | 7(53.8) | |
| Nasal obstruction description, N (%) | 0.491 | ||
| Intermittent | 7(87.5) | 2(66.7) | |
| Persistent | 1(12.5) | 1(33.3) | |
| Nasal obstruction with nasal polyps, N (%) | 0.270 | ||
| Negative | 37(59.7) | 7(41.2) | |
| Positive | 25(40.3) | 10(58.8) | |
| Nasal obstruction with septum deviation, N (%) | 0.004 | ||
| Negative | 54(87.1) | 9(52.9) | |
| Positive | 8(12.9) | 8(47.1) | |
| Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, N (%) | 0.354 | ||
| Negative | 96(71.1) | 20(63.8) | |
| Positive | 39(28.9) | 17(36.2) | |
| Current smoker, N (%) | 0.011 | ||
| Negative | 114(83.8) | 31(66.0) | |
| Positive | 21(16.2) | 16(34.0) | |
| History of HBP, N (%) | 0.686 | ||
| Negative | 104(77.0) | 35(74.5) | |
| Positive | 31(23.0) | 12(25.5) | |
| History of DM, N (%) | 0.525 | ||
| Negative | 123(91.1) | 45(95.7) | |
| Positive | 12(8.89) | 2(4.26) | |
| Preoperative measurements | |||
| Nasal splint, N/P | 0.004 | ||
| Negative | 58(43.0) | 32(68.1) | |
| Positive | 77(57.0) | 15(31.9) | |
| HR before Nasal splint, bpm | 76.0(68.0, 82.0) | 76.0(68.0, 81.0) | 0.918 |
| MAP before Nasal splint, mmHg | 94.10(11.051) | 94.9(11.6) | 0.933 |
| SpO2 before Nasal splint, % | 99.0(98.0, 99.0) | 99.0(98.0, 99.0) | 0.512 |
| h after Nasal splint, bpm | 76.0(65.0, 81.0) | 78.0 (69.5, 79.0) | 0.903 |
| MAP after Nasal splint, mmHg | 93.3 (10.4) | 91.7 (13.3) | 0.625 |
| SpO2 after Nasal splint, % | 99.0(98.0, 99.0) | 99.0(98.0, 99.0) | 0.353 |
| Intraoperative measurements | |||
| Duration of surgery, min | 45.0(30.0, 60.0) | 45.0(25.0, 70.0) | 0.970 |
| Duration of anesthesia, min | 64.0(50.0, 84.0) | 65.0(49.0, 89.0) | 0.931 |
| Intraoperative sufentanil dosage, µg | 20.0(15.0, 23.0) | 20.0(15.0, 20.0) | 0.567 |
| Dosage of sufentanil per unit anesthesia time, µg/min | 0.27(0.22, 0.33) | 0.27 (0.22, 0.33) | 0.660 |
| FESS with septoplasty, N (%) | 0.036 | ||
| Without | 123(91.1) | 37(78.2) | |
| With | 12(8.89) | 10(21.3) | |
| Nasal package, N (%) | 0.851 | ||
| Negative | 37(27.4) | 12(25.5) | |
| Positive | 98(72.6) | 35(74.5) | |
| Package Side, N (%) | 0.805 | ||
| Single | 21(26.6) | 8(29.6) | |
| Both | 58(73.4) | 19(70.4) | |
| Postoperative measurements | |||
| Minutes to extubation, min | 17.0(12.0, 19.0) | 16.0(12.0, 17.0) | 0.816 |
| Medication in PACU, N (%) | 0.016 | ||
| Negative | 135(100) | 44(93.6) | |
| Positive | 0(0) | 3(6.38) | |
| Time to left PACU, min | 54.0(46.0,58.0) | 58.0(49.0,60.0) | 0.003 |
| NRS in PACU, Sum | 0(0, 6.00) | 0(0, 6.00) | 0.619 |
| h when left PACU, bpm | 70.0(63.0, 78.0) | 72.0(64.0, 80.0) | 0.098 |
| MAP when left PACU, mmHg | 84.0(79.0, 93.0) | 86.0(81.0, 92.0) | 0.654 |
| SpO2 when left PACU, % | 99.0(98.0, 99.0) | 99.0(98.0, 99.0) | 0.593 |
| Postoperative hospital stays, day | 3.00(3.00, 4.00) | 4.00(3.00, 4.00) | < 0.001 |
Note: Continuous data were presented as mean ± SD or median (the 25th percentile, the 75th percentile). Categorical variables were displayed in number (percentage). ED: emergence delirium; BMI: body mass index; MAP: mean arterial pressure; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; HBP: high blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: heart rate; SpO2: oxygen saturation; PACU: post-anesthesia care unit; NRS: numerical rating scale; FESS: function endoscopic sinus surgery. A P-value < 0.05 indicates significant difference between the two groups