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. 2023 Sep 6;15(2):2252764. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2252764

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 1. — The effects of antibiotic pretreatment on the cognitive performance in SD mice.

(a) Schematic of antibiotic pretreatment and the mouse model for sleep deprivation (SD). (b) Representative tracks of mice in each group during the novel object recognition (NOR) test. (c) Percentage of exploration time in mice from different groups in NOR test. (d) Total distance traveled among different groups. n = 10 mice per group. (e) Representative track images of mice from different groups in the Y maze test. (f) Spontaneous alternation index of mice in all groups from the Y maze test. (g) Total distance mice traveled in the Y maze test. n = 10-12 mice per group. Abx, Antibiotic cocktail. (One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests, *P < 0.05, **P < .01, ***P < .001, ****P < .0001, ns, no significant difference).