Table 1.
Reuse of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) for the cultivation of various mushroom species as reported in pertinent publications: origin and composition of SMS, mushroom to be cultivated, new substrate formulation and supplements, biological efficiency (BE) reported for the crop obtained and main comments on the results of the respective study. Abbreviation used: NR, not reported.
| Origin of SMS | Composition of SMS | Mushroom to be cultivated | New substrate formulation | Supplements to new substrate | Biological efficiency | Comments | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pleurotus ostreatus | NR | P. ostreatus | SMS (plain, 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3) with rubber sawdust | CaCO3 (1.5% w/w), wheat bran (5% w/w) | 53–56% | Similar BE values with the control (rubber sawdust; BE: 53%) | [29] |
| Pholiota nameko, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Hericium erinaceus | Oak and beech sawdust (1:1), wheat bran (20%), corn flour (5%) and gypsum (1%) | SMS and wheat straw (1:9, 2:8 and 3:7) | Wheat bran (3%), gypsum (1%) | 66–73% | Reduction in BE was noted when SMS ratios increased | [30] | |
| P. ostreatus | |||||||
| P. ostreatus | Wheat straw, wheat bran, soybean flour and CaCO3 | P. ostreatus | SMS | Wheat bran, soybean flour, and CaCO3 (C/N: 20) | 185% | High (the highest reported) BE values for both species examined by using SMS as cultivation substrate | [26] |
| Pleurotus pulmonarius | 208% | ||||||
|
Cyclocybe cylindracea, Auricularia polytricha, H. erinaceus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus cystidiosus, Pleurotus eryngii, P. ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju |
Sawdust | A. polytricha | SMS from various species | Rice bran (9.5%), CaCO3 (.5%) | 41–59% | All mixtures exhibited higher BE values than the control (BE: 36%) | [28] |
| Flammulina velutipes | NR | Cordyceps militaris | SMS:wheat bran: rice bran (8:1:1) | Glucose (20 g L−1) and peptone (5 g L−1) | 35% | Lower yields and cordycepin concentration in SMS-based substrate than in conventional substrate | [31] |
| P. eryngii | Sugarcane bagasse (50%), cottonseed hulls (20%), wheat bran (20%), cornmeal (5%), soymeal (3%), lime (1%), gypsum (1%) | C. cylindracea | SMS | Sucrose (1%), lime (1%), wheat bran (0, 10, 20%), and Tenebrio molitor feces (0, 10, 20%) | 40–63% | Increasing the rate of supplements positively affected the ΒΕ | [32] |
| P. pulmonarius | Rubber sawdust supplemented with 20% palm oil sludge | C. cylindracea | SMS alone or mixed with rubber sawdust (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3) | Rice bran (5%), Ca(OH)2 (2%), Mg(SO4) (.2%) | 25–41% | BE increased by increasing SMS content | [33] |
| Agaricus bisporus | NR | P. ostreatus | P. ostreatus SMS, and A. bisporus SMS (various ratios) | CaSO4 (5%), gypsum (5%) | NR | P. ostreatus and A. bisporus SMS (3:2 and 1:1) had similar protein and lower ash content than commercial substrate; SMS affected the produced mushrooms’ quality | [34] |
| P. ostreatus | NR | ||||||
| P. ostreatus | NR | P. ostreatus | SMS or SMS:wheat straw (1:1) | Wheat bran (50 or 100 g kg−1), Calprozime (20 g kg−1), gypsum (5%), CaCO3 | 3–62% | Reduction in BE by increasing wheat bran supplementation; highest BE values were obtained using Calprozime | [35] |
| H. marmoreus | NR | P. ostreatus | Cottonseed hulls:SMS:wheat bran (various ratios) | Wheat bran (0–18%), lime (1%), gypsum (1%) | 36–61% | Reduction in BE when SMS content was increased | [36] |
| P. ostreatus | NR | P. ostreatus | SMS:sawdust (7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6 and 2:8) | Wheat bran (20%) | 78–105% | Reduction in BE when SMS ratio is increased | [37] |
| Pleurotus florida | 67–89% | ||||||
| NR | P. eryngii | SMS:farmyard manure (1:1) and SMS as casing material (3 cm thick) | 49–107% | Enhanced yield on SMS compared to other casing materials and non-casing substrates | [38] | ||
| P. eryngii | Sawdust (50%), cottonseed hulls (25%), wheat bran (25%), gypsum and CaCO3 | Volvariella volvacea | Composted or non-composted SMS | Limestone (5%) | 10–17% | Composted SMS performed better (higher BE) than non-composted one | [39] |
| F. velutipes | NR | A. bisporus | SMS | Gypsum (2.83%), CaH4P2O8 (2.83%) | 29% | Similar BE values with the control (rice straw), but SMS results in shorter production cycles | [40] |
| P. ostreatus | NR | Agaricus blazei | Sunflower seed hulls:SMS (milled or unmilled) | 13.1 – 22.4% | Milled SMS reduced BE | [41] | |
| A. bisporus | Wheat straw and poultry manure-based commercial compost | A. bisporus casing | Sphagnum peat:SMS (4:1, 3:2. 2:3, 1:4) and plain SMS | CaCO3 (100 g L−1) | 53–110% | Lower BE (than the control) when SMS was incorporated in the casing layer | [42] |
| P. ostreatus | Banana leaf straw | A. blazei | SMS with burned rice husk or subsoil as casing material | CaCO3, urea, rice bran (1, 10 or 20%), (NH)2SO4 | 0–80% | Highest BE values obtained with rice bran (10%) and with subsoil as casing material | [43] |
| P. sajor-caju | |||||||
| P. ostreatus and A. bisporus | NR | P. ostreatus | P. ostreatus and A. bisporus SMS (9:1 and 8:2) | 36–40% | Comparable BE values with those obtained using a wheat straw and poultry manure-based commercial substrate | [44] | |
| Pleurotus eous | Wheat straw | P. sajor-caju | SMS with wheat straw (1:9, 1:6 and 1:3) | 62–69% | BE increased by increasing SMS content and was higher than the control (wheat straw) | [45] | |
| P. florida | 109 – 113% | ||||||
| Pleurotus flabellatus | 97 – 105% | ||||||
| A. bisporus | Commercial compost with casing | A. bisporus | SMS | Soybean meal (10%), Target® (10%) | 26–73% | Lower BE values compared to the conventional substrate | [27] |
| SMS and non-composted substrate (1:1 w/w) | 97–144% | Similar or higher BE values in comparison to the conventional substrate | |||||
| Lentinula edodes | Sawdust | P. citrinopileatus | SMS alone and mixed with Mangifera indica sawdust (1:2 w/w) | Rice bran (10%), CaCO3 (pH 6) | 23–39% | Increased BE noted when SMS was mixed with M. indica sawdust | [46] |
| P. sajor-caju | 19–34% | ||||||
| P. sajor-caju | Rice straw | P. sajor-caju | SMS | Mustard, niger, sunflower, cotton seed powder and soybean seed cake | 45–125% | Better mushroom yields with cotton seed powder than with the other supplements | [47] |
| F. velutipes | NM | L. edodes | SMS and SMS:oak sawdust (1:4, 2:3, 3:2, 4:1) | Rice bran (20%) | 60–84% | High BE values for sawdust ratios above 40% | [48] |
| A. bisporus | NR | L. edodes | SMS:oak:spruce (1:1:1) and plain SMS | Wheat bran (3%), millet (35%) and rye (2%) | 33–53% | Higher BE values for the mixture than for plain SMS | [49] |
| L. edodes | Sawdust | Pleurotus cornucopiae | SMS:rice bran (1:1) | 61% | BE values higher than the control (Abies sachalinensis sawdust) only for P. cornucopiae | [50] | |
| P. ostreatus | SMS:rice bran (1:1) | 62% | |||||
| F. velutipes | SMS:wheat bran (1:1) | 88% | |||||
| P. ostreatus | Cryptomeria japonica sawdust | Lyophyllum decastes | SMS and SMS:bark compost (4:1 and 1:1) | Rice bran 10% | 62–134% | BE two-fold higher for mixtures plain SMS | [51] |
| Ph. nameko | Harwood sawdust | 140–167% | No significant differences in BE | ||||
| L. edodes | Oak sawdust | P. sajor-caju | SMS | Soybean flour (0 or 12%), CaCO3 (0 or 1%) | 62–79% | Higher BE values with soybean flour supplementation | [52] |