Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to diuretic use
| No diuretic (n = 683) |
Non-loop diuretic (n = 769) |
<40 mga,b (n = 1811) |
40 mgb (n = 1902) |
>40 mgb (n = 1098) |
P-valuec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized to dapagliflozin | 338 (49.5) | 390 (50.7) | 912 (50.4) | 939 (49.4) | 552 (50.3) | 0.96 |
| Mean furosemide equivalent dose (mg) | 17 ± 6 | 40 ± 3 | 116 ± 95 | |||
| Age (years) | 70.4 ± 10.3 | 71.5 ± 9.2 | 71.8 ± 9.5 | 72.2 ± 9.4 | 71.5 ± 9.7 | <0.001 |
| Men | 377 (55.2) | 391 (50.8) | 1061 (58.6) | 1035 (54.4) | 652 (59.4) | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | |||||
| White | 377 (55.2) | 523 (68.0) | 1162 (64.2) | 1450 (76.2) | 927 (84.4) | |
| Asian | 232 (34.0) | 159 (20.7) | 559 (30.9) | 222 (11.7) | 102 (9.3) | |
| Black or African American |
9 (1.3) | 25 (3.3) | 24 (1.3) | 57 (3.0) | 44 (4.0) | |
| Indian or Alaska Native | 39 (5.7) | 24 (3.1) | 48 (2.7) | 69 (3.6) | 9 (0.8) | |
| Other | 26 (3.8) | 38 (4.9) | 18 (1.0) | 104 (5.5) | 16 (1.5) | |
| Region | <0.001 | |||||
| Europe and Saudi Arabia | 249 (36.5) | 353 (45.9) | 864 (47.7) | 929 (48.8) | 610 (55.6) | |
| Asia | 230 (33.7) | 154 (20.0) | 542 (29.9) | 210 (11.0) | 90 (8.2) | |
| Latin America | 154 (22.5) | 214 (27.8) | 165 (9.1) | 519 (27.3) | 129 (11.7) | |
| North America | 50 (7.3) | 48 (6.2) | 240 (13.3) | 244 (12.8) | 269 (24.5) | |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 323 (47.3) | 315 (41.0) | 1043 (57.6) | 1121 (58.9) | 750 (68.3) | <0.001 |
| Prior stroke | 61 (8.9) | 61 (7.9) | 180 (9.9) | 178 (9.4) | 117 (10.7) | 0.33 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 269 (39.4) | 336 (43.7) | 738 (40.8) | 895 (47.1) | 568 (51.7) | <0.001 |
| Prior MI | 218 (31.9) | 274 (25.0) | 218 (31.9) | 511 (28.2) | 465 (24.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 591 (86.5) | 982 (89.4) | 591 (86.5) | 1543 (85.2) | 1723 (90.6) | <0.001 |
| Prior HFH | 216 (31.6) | 615 (56.0) | 216 (31.6) | 775 (42.8) | 797 (41.9) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 5.2 | 29.2 ± 5.4 | 28.7 ± 5.8 | 30.5 ± 6.2 | 32.1 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||||
| Current | 67 (9.8) | 64 (8.3) | 138 (7.6) | 140 (7.4) | 75 (6.8) | |
| Former | 211 (30.9) | 241 (31.3) | 647 (35.7) | 679 (35.7) | 483 (44.0) | |
| Never | 405 (59.3) | 464 (60.3) | 1026 (56.7) | 1083 (56.9) | 540 (49.2) | |
| NYHA class | <0.001 | |||||
| II | 566 (82.9) | 665 (86.5) | 1415 (78.1) | 1385 (72.8) | 682 (62.1) | |
| III | 116 (17.0) | 101 (13.1) | 392 (21.6) | 513 (27.0) | 409 (37.2) | |
| IV | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 7 (0.6) | |
| LVEF (%) | 5 ± 9 | 57 ± 9 | 54 ± 9 | 54 ± 9 | 54 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (ng/L) | 875 (579–1503] | 790 (497–1252) | 993 (616–1665) | 1084 (646–1942) | 1252 (748–2227) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 15 | 132 ± 15 | 128 ± 15 | 128 ± 15 | 126 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 72 ± 12 | 71 ± 11 | 72 ± 12 | 72 ± 12 | 72 ± 12 | 0.14 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 95 ± 27 | 96 ± 29 | 100 ± 28 | 104 ± 32 | 115 ± 34 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 66 ± 19 | 65 ± 19 | 63 ± 19 | 60 ± 19 | 55 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| ACEi | 223 (32.7) | 249 (32.4) | 718 (39.6) | 728 (38.3) | 377 (34.3) | <0.001 |
| ARB | 245 (36.0) | 389 (50.6) | 586 (32.4) | 679 (35.7) | 373 (34.0) | <0.001 |
| ARNI | 55 (8.1) | 11 (1.4) | 105 (5.8) | 77 (4.0) | 53 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Beta blocker | 549 (80.6) | 613 (79.7) | 1508 (83.3) | 1576 (82.9) | 931 (84.8) | 0.031 |
| MRA | 543 (79.7) | 160 (20.8) | 714 (39.4) | 741 (39.0) | 509 (46.4) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range).
A small number of patients (n = 185) on loop diuretic at baseline with missing or inadequate dose information were included in this group.
Dose in furosemide equivalents.
P-value for the comparison of no-diuretic, non-loop diuretic, and loop diuretic furosemide dose of <40, 40, and >40 mg.
HFH, heart failure hospitalization; NYHA, New York Heart Association; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MI, myocardial infarction.