. 2023 Aug 24;14:1225425. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1225425

Table 2.

A comparison of spatiotemporal parameters according to the impairment severity.

	Healthy (n = 20)	Mild (n = 16)	Moderate (n = 15)	Severe (n = 15)	p-value
Movement time (s)
Reaching	1.00 ± 0.20	1.88 ± 0.54^*	2.59 ± 1.28^*	3.07 ± 0.94^,*	<0.001
Forward transporting	1.32 ± 0.32	1.55 ± 0.49	2.37 ± 1.03^,*	3.52 ± 1.29^,,**	<0.001
Backward transporting	1.28 ± 0.30	1.83 ± 0.47	2.63 ± 1.27^*	3.20 ± 1.35^,*	<0.001
Return	1.13 ± 0.23	1.68 ± 0.59	2.21 ± 1.28^*	1.95 ± 1.19	0.005
Total	4.74 ± 0.94	6.94 ± 1.71	9.80 ± 4.42^,*	11.73 ± 3.02^,*	<0.001
Phase ratio (%)
Reaching	21.28 ± 1.78	27.17 ± 4.62^*	26.23 ± 4.75^*	26.54 ± 6.96^*	0.001
Forward transporting	27.61 ± 2.74	22.16 ± 2.95	24.99 ± 7.09	30.07 ± 9.90^a	0.004
Backward transporting	27.06 ± 2.55	26.53 ± 3.66	26.84 ± 4.60	26.80 ± 7.00	0.989
Return	24.05 ± 3.16	24.13 ± 5.04	21.94 ± 7.15	16.59 ± 8.19^,*	0.002
Peak velocity (mm/s)
Reaching	626.66 ± 136.82	408.60 ± 116.63^*	359.19 ± 83.86^*	340.73 ± 189.13^*	<0.001
Forward transporting	910.26 ± 149.91	633.00 ± 161.51^*	483.30 ± 146.65^*	455.53 ± 204.11^,*	<0.001
Backward transporting	851.85 ± 209.21	648.71 ± 226.77^*	521.58 ± 160.14^*	524.97 ± 151.80^*	<0.001
Return	586.16 ± 146.04	537.14 ± 109.34	400.41 ± 154.30^*	316.34 ± 177.54^,*	<0.001
Number of movement units
Reaching	1.00 ± 0.00	1.19 ± 0.40	2.47 ± 1.25^,*	2.73 ± 1.10^,*	<0.001
Forward transporting	1.00 ± 0.00	1.31 ± 0.70	2.27 ± 1.71^*	4.20 ± 1.78^,,**	<0.001
Backward transporting	1.00 ± 0.00	1.31 ± 0.70	2.60 ± 1.68^*	3.20 ± 1.74^,*	<0.001
Return	1.00 ± 0.00	1.25 ± 0.45	1.73 ± 0.88	1.93 ± 1.67^*	0.017
Total	4.00 ± 0.00	5.00 ± 1.37	9.07 ± 4.18^,*	12.07 ± 3.99^,,**	<0.001

Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ^* Post hoc analysis, compared with the healthy group, p < 0.05. ^** Post hoc analysis, compared with the mild group, p < 0.05. ^*** Post hoc analysis, compared with the moderate group, p < 0.05.