Table 3.
A comparison of joint angles at four points during the reach-and-grasp task according to the impairment severity.
| Healthy (n = 20) | Mild (n = 16) | Moderate (n = 15) | Severe (n = 15) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grasp a cup (P1) | |||||
| Shoulder | |||||
| Flexion angle | 45.37 ± 6.79 | 40.75 ± 18.08 | 38.69 ± 10.52 | 34.71 ± 21.86 | 0.220 |
| Abduction angle | 19.28 ± 10.01 | 35.83 ± 14.32 | 38.98 ± 19.35* | 38.77 ± 28.69* | 0.005 |
| Internal rotation angle | −0.40 ± 7.92 | 2.76 ± 16.93 | 9.15 ± 11.76 | 21.76 ± 12.46*,** | <0.001 |
| Elbow | |||||
| Flexion angle | 45.30 ± 10.93 | 65.04 ± 14.41* | 66.07 ± 15.60* | 75.15 ± 24.65* | <0.001 |
| Wrist | |||||
| Extension angle | 36.04 ± 10.43 | 28.39 ± 12.07 | 25.30 ± 13.74 | 18.19 ± 11.06* | <0.001 |
| Ulnar deviation angle | 22.02 ± 11.50 | 17.91 ± 13.10 | 15.92 ± 13.42 | 23.61 ± 13.55 | 0.313 |
| Pronation angle | 118.76 ± 17.49 | 109.21 ± 24.31 | 103.17 ± 28.44 | 120.39 ± 22.73 | 0.129 |
| Thorax | |||||
| Anterior tilt angle | 12.93 ± 9.06 | 19.45 ± 12.08 | 19.77 ± 9.01 | 15.69 ± 9.75 | 0.145 |
| Upward obliquity angle | −1.55 ± 2.63 | −0.74 ± 2.81 | 1.36 ± 3.84 | 0.27 ± 3.57 | 0.058 |
| Internal rotation angle | 1.87 ± 5.24 | 1.02 ± 4.92 | 1.84 ± 5.06 | −0.47 ± 4.45 | 0.511 |
| Arrive at the mouth (P2) | |||||
| Shoulder | |||||
| Flexion angle | 61.05 ± 10.44 | 46.79 ± 16.96* | 42.96 ± 7.57* | 34.64 ± 15.36* | <0.001 |
| Abduction angle | 41.97 ± 26.41 | 42.68 ± 18.26 | 61.25 ± 29.60 | 75.54 ± 34.53*,** | 0.002 |
| Internal rotation angle | −8.44 ± 26.73 | 2.61 ± 15.22 | −6.08 ± 14.09 | −1.93 ± 21.18 | 0.415 |
| Elbow | |||||
| Flexion angle | 125.39 ± 5.62 | 120.07 ± 10.43 | 122.79 ± 8.03 | 111.47 ± 22.73* | 0.019 |
| Wrist | |||||
| Extension angle | 25.34 ± 7.42 | 21.06 ± 10.56 | 21.22 ± 13.40 | 8.43 ± 21.00*,** | 0.005 |
| Ulnar deviation angle | 21.36 ± 14.09 | 29.26 ± 21.29 | 16.37 ± 23.19 | 13.14 ± 10.49 | 0.074 |
| Pronation angle | 122.39 ± 18.05 | 124.14 ± 36.91 | 91.11 ± 41.30*,** | 101.79 ± 24.32 | 0.007 |
| Thorax | |||||
| Anterior tilt angle | 6.18 ± 5.72 | 13.83 ± 10.53 | 5.39 ± 8.65** | 1.20 ± 9.47** | 0.001 |
| Upward obliquity angle | −0.68 ± 3.05 | −1.15 ± 3.02 | 3.56 ± 4.36*,** | 2.61 ± 5.94 | 0.003 |
| Internal rotation angle | −0.92 ± 4.86 | −3.08 ± 5.25 | −6.68 ± 6.16 | −10.19 ± 10.45*,** | 0.001 |
| Put the cup on the table (P3) | |||||
| Shoulder | |||||
| Flexion angle | 46.97 ± 6.02 | 42.62 ± 17.70 | 39.77 ± 10.52 | 32.13 ± 19.79* | 0.027 |
| Abduction angle | 21.77 ± 10.19 | 39.06 ± 14.28* | 40.39 ± 19.45* | 40.89 ± 21.35* | 0.001 |
| Internal rotation angle | 0.49 ± 8.95 | 4.57 ± 17.10 | 12.90 ± 14.04 | 19.48 ± 16.96*,** | 0.001 |
| Elbow | |||||
| Flexion angle | 42.50 ± 9.88 | 62.04 ± 13.94* | 63.19 ± 15.94* | 75.06 ± 18.82* | <0.001 |
| Wrist | |||||
| Extension angle | 38.15 ± 9.15 | 30.22 ± 14.03 | 27.41 ± 15.53 | 21.23 ± 12.37* | 0.003 |
| Ulnar deviation angle | 22.08 ± 10.39 | 20.88 ± 13.54 | 13.89 ± 19.59 | 18.31 ± 16.86 | 0.427 |
| Pronation angle | 116.25 ± 16.09 | 111.62 ± 23.27 | 99.33 ± 33.00 | 105.91 ± 31.65 | 0.275 |
| Thorax | |||||
| Anterior tilt angle | 12.22 ± 7.10 | 19.40 ± 11.18 | 18.36 ± 9.58 | 14.41 ± 15.39 | 0.188 |
| Upward obliquity angle | −1.69 ± 2.96 | −1.12 ± 3.74 | 2.03 ± 4.93* | −1.05 ± 3.86 | 0.036 |
| Internal rotation angle | 2.01 ± 4.92 | 0.25 ± 4.75 | 0.45 ± 5.60 | −1.21 ± 5.54 | 0.348 |
| Return to initial position (P4) | |||||
| Shoulder | |||||
| Flexion angle | 8.44 ± 7.92 | 12.92 ± 12.61 | 11.55 ± 11.45 | 15.20 ± 17.88 | 0.456 |
| Abduction angle | 14.09 ± 7.05 | 28.95 ± 9.39* | 18.38 ± 8.53** | 21.03 ± 9.95 | <0.001 |
| Internal rotation angle | 5.55 ± 7.21 | 13.49 ± 9.46 | 13.36 ± 7.75 | 17.70 ± 11.43* | 0.002 |
| Elbow | |||||
| Flexion angle | 78.57 ± 7.16 | 88.80 ± 7.89* | 84.75 ± 9.35 | 81.92 ± 14.36 | 0.023 |
| Wrist | |||||
| Extension angle | 6.85 ± 7.21 | 4.76 ± 8.76 | 10.47 ± 8.63 | 13.12 ± 8.04** | 0.025 |
| Ulnar deviation angle | 27.45 ± 4.11 | 23.03 ± 8.96 | 23.80 ± 16.99 | 27.36 ± 12.78 | 0.551 |
| Pronation angle | 153.44 ± 9.19 | 143.28 ± 12.74 | 137.51 ± 30.32 | 128.76 ± 23.86* | 0.006 |
| Thorax | |||||
| Anterior tilt angle | 7.85 ± 5.43 | 14.99 ± 10.02 | 11.47 ± 8.13 | 9.37 ± 8.71 | 0.067 |
| Upward obliquity angle | −1.72 ± 2.97 | −0.50 ± 2.97 | 0.74 ± 2.94 | 0.32 ± 3.52 | 0.102 |
| Internal rotation angle | −1.53 ± 4.66 | −2.89 ± 4.72 | −4.44 ± 3.71 | −5.25 ± 4.48 | 0.076 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. * Post hoc analysis, compared with the healthy group, p < 0.05. ** Post hoc analysis, compared with the mild group, p < 0.05.