Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population at admission stratified by gender (N = 701)
| Female (N = 214) | Male (N = 487) | ||||
| N | N | P-value | |||
| Age (years) | 214 | 68.4 ± 14.0 | 487 | 66.7 ± 12.8 | 0.121 |
| Body mass index ≥30 (kg/m2) | 162 | 31 (19.1) | 378 | 81 (21.4) | 0.627 |
| Smoker (ever) | 182 | 39 (21.4) | 410 | 123 (30.0) | 0.040 |
| Hypertension | 211 | 120 (56.9) | 485 | 278 (57.3) | 0.979 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 211 | 53 (25.1) | 484 | 140 (28.9) | 0.348 |
| Diabetes | 211 | 42 (19.9) | 485 | 120 (24.7) | 0.197 |
| Heart failure | 211 | 24 (11.4) | 485 | 69 (14.2) | 0.371 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 211 | 35 (16.6) | 485 | 71 (14.6) | 0.587 |
| Coronary artery disease | 211 | 39 (18.5) | 485 | 109 (22.5) | 0.279 |
| Prior cardiac surgery or percutaneous valve treatment | 211 | 20 (9.5) | 485 | 51 (10.5) | 0.780 |
| Prior heart transplantation/LVAD | 211 | 0 (0.0) | 485 | 4 (0.8) | 0.320 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 211 | 23 (10.9) | 485 | 45 (9.3) | 0.601 |
| Chronic kidney disease (eGFR <60 ml/min/m2) | 211 | 45 (21.3) | 485 | 83 (17.1) | 0.225 |
| Prior ACEi/ARB therapy | 199 | 70 (35.2) | 459 | 184 (40.1) | 0.271 |
| Prior BB therapy | 198 | 70 (35.4) | 458 | 180 (39.3) | 0.385 |
| Prior anticoagulant therapy | 198 | 28 (14.1) | 452 | 64 (14.2) | 1.000 |
| Prior statin therapy | 198 | 54 (27.3) | 460 | 127 (27.6) | 1.000 |
| Prior calcium antagonist therapy | 200 | 52 (26.0) | 460 | 116 (25.2) | 0.909 |
| Temperature (°C) | 210 | 37.2 ± 0.9 | 478 | 37.3 ± 1.0 | 0.409 |
| Fever (≥37.5°C) | 210 | 85 (40.5) | 478 | 211 (44.1) | 0.417 |
| Respiratory rate ≥22 (bpm) | 182 | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 357 | 1.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.151 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 212 | 129 ± 22 | 476 | 130 ± 22 | 0.383 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 212 | 73 ± 13 | 476 | 75 ± 13 | 0.065 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 210 | 87 ± 20 | 477 | 87 ± 17 | 0.869 |
| Oxygen saturation (ambient air, %) | 209 | 94 (88–96) | 478 | 92 (87–96) | 0.071 |
| PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg/%) | 184 | 252 (153–326) | 424 | 232 (119–314) | 0.044 |
| PaO2/FiO2 <300 (mmHg/%) | 184 | 124 (67.4) | 424 | 302 (71.2) | 0.394 |
| SOFA score | 153 | 2 (1–3) | 305 | 2 (2–3) | 0.086 |
| COVID score peak | 39 | 5.0 (1.0–10.0) | 132 | 9.0 (3.0–14.0) | 0.012 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 82 | 56 (53–60) | 183 | 55 (45–60) | 0.010 |
Data shown as mean ± standard deviation, median (IQR) or count (%).
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BB, beta blocker; COVID, coronavirus disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; LV, left ventricular; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; PaO2, oxygen partial pressure at arterial gas analysis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment.