Lung function trajectories are established in childhood. (A) Lung function at birth is highly influential to airways obstruction later in life. (Image from Stern DA, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Guerra S, Martinez FD. Lancet. 2007;370:758–764). (B) Discrete lung function trajectories from early childhood through adult life. (Image from Agustí A, Hogg JC. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1248–1256).