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. 2023 Aug 24;3:1240544. doi: 10.3389/fradi.2023.1240544

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© 2023 Varghese, Fields, Hwang, Duddalwar, Matcuk and Cen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Top row: (A) grayscale image with four different gray-levels. (B) Digitized version of the gray-level image with unique numerical values corresponding to the gray-level or a range of gray-levels (dependent on bin size of bin width) for each theoretical pixel/voxel. (C) GLCM map of the image obtained for distance 1 and direction 0 degrees. (D) This same process is then repeated in all other directions: i.e., 45, 90, and 135 deg, respectively. To obtain direction invariant results, all results are normalized and averaged. Middle row: (A) Grayscale image with four different gray-levels. (B) Digitized version of the gray-level image with unique numerical values corresponding to the gray-level or a range of gray-levels (dependent on bin size of bin width) for each theoretical pixel/voxel. (C) GLRLM map of the image obtained for direction zero degrees. This same process is then repeated in all other directions: i.e., 45, 90, and 135 deg, respectively. To obtain direction invariant results all results are normalized and averaged. Bottom row: (A) grayscale image with four different gray-levels. (B) Digitized version of the gray-level image with unique numerical values corresponding to the gray-level or a range of gray-levels (dependent on bin size of bin width) for each theoretical pixel/voxel. (C) GLSZM map of the image. GLCM, Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix; GLRLM, Gray-Level Run-Length Matrix; GLSZM, Gray-Level Size-Zone Matrix.