Figure 2.

A summary of the possible mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects of P. oleracea and its constituents. IL: interleukin; NO: nitric oxide; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; TIMP-1: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1; CCL8: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8; IKK: IκB kinase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TP: total protein; PLA2: phospholipase A2; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; ET-1: endothelin-1; EPO: erythropoietin; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; IgE: immunoglobulin E.