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. 2023 Aug 31;2023:2075444. doi: 10.1155/2023/2075444

Table 3.

Antioxidant effects of P. oleracea and its constituents.

Extracts/constituents Doses Model of study Effects References
Aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts In vitro DPPH scavenging capacity and FRAP [115]
Aqueous extracts of leaves, stems, and flowers In vitro ↑ DPPH scavenging capacity [116]
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts 100–400 µg/ml Free radical-induced hemolysis of RBCs in rats ↓ Rate of AAPH-induced hemolysis [127]
1200, 1800 µg/ml ↑ Lag time of AAPH-induced hemolysis
↓ RBC damages
Ethanolic extract of leaves In vitro ↑ ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacity [117]
Methanolic extract In vitro ↑ DPPH scavenging capacity [118]
Methanolic extract In vitro ↑ DPPH scavenging capacity [119]
↓ Lipid peroxidation
Methanolic extract of leaves In vitro ↑ DPPH scavenging capacity [120]
Inhibition ratio of the linoleic acid oxidation
Methanolic extract In vitro ↑ Electron donating ability and SOD-like ability [121]
Fresh and dried hydroalcoholic extracts In vitro ↑ ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacity [122]
Fresh and dried leaves In vitro ↑ ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacity [123]
Five fractions obtained from the crude extract In vitro ↑ Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) [124]
↓ Lipid peroxidation
Aqueous juice 1.5 ml/kg, orally for 12 days Normal rats ↓ Hepatic and renal MDA [114]
↓ Testicular nitrite/nitrate
↑ Hepatic and testicular GSH
↑ Hepatic, renal, and testicular SOD and CAT
Aqueous extract 100 and 200 mg/kg, intragastrically High-fat diet-induced mice ↓ Blood TBARS [125]
↑ Blood GSH
↑ Blood and liver SOD, CAT, and GPx
↓ Liver ALT and AST
Aqueous extract 300 mg/kg, intragastrically for 5 days Renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats ↓ ALT, ALP, and LDH [126]
Ethanolic extract 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 g/kg, intragastrically for 30 days Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic toxicity in rats ↓ ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT [128]
↑ SOD
Ethanolic extract of leaves 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, orally Alcoholic liver disease rat's model ↓ AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT [117]
↓ TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides
↑ Vitamin C, vitamin E, and GSH
↑ SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST
Ethanolic extract 4 mg/kg, orally Neurotoxicity induced by MeHg in cerebellum and cortex of rats ↓ TBARS [129]
↑ GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD
Fresh and dried leaves 200 and 400 mg/kg, orally for 3 weeks STZ-induced C57BL/6J diabetic mice ↓ MDA [130]
↑ SOD
Fresh juice 300 mg/kg, orally Paracetamol-induced hepatic toxicity in rats ↓ Hepatic TBARS content [131]
↑ GSH, CAT, and SOD
Hydroethanolic extract 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL Asthmatic rat model ↓ MDA [132]
↑ SOD, CAT, and thiol
Purslane ethanolic extract and chicory water extract 100 mg/kg for each Glucocorticoid-induced testicular and autophagy dysfunction in rats ↓ MDA [133]
↑ GSH, GST, and GPx
Seed extract 200 and 400 mg/kg Acrylamide-induced testicular toxicity in rats ↑ SOD and GSH [134]
↓ MDA
Hydroalcoholic extract 25, 50, and 100 mg/L In vitro ↓ Intracellular ROS [135]
↑ Motility of sperm
Hydroalcoholic extract 400 mg/kg Thyrotoxic rat model ↑ Thiol, SOD, and CAT [136]
↓ MDA
Plant sterol ester of α-linolenic acid (PS-ALA) 0.1 mM PS-ALA HepG2 cells induced by oleic acid ↓ ROS production [137]
ALA 1, 10, 33, 49, and 64%, orally for 21 days Rats fed sunflower, canola, rosa mosqueta, and sacha inchi oils GSH and GSSG, hepatic and plasma content of protein carbonyls, F-2 isoprostanes, TBARS, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR [138]
ALA 150 μg/kg Amyloid-beta peptide-induced oxidative stress in rats ↓ MDA and NO [139]
↑ CAT activity and glutathione content in hippocampus
Quercetin Iron-loaded hepatocyte cultures in vitro ↓ MDA and LDH [140]
Quercetin 2.5, 5 and 7.5 µM Copper-catalysed human LDL oxidation in vitro ↓ LDL oxidation [141]
Quercetin Human erythrocytes in vitro ↓ lipid peroxidation, hemolysis, and GSH [142]
Quercetin 50 or 100 µM Glucose oxidase-mediated apoptosis ↓ NF-kappaB, AP-1, and p53 [143]
Quercetin 10, 20, 50, 100, or 1000 µM In vitro ↓ Hydroperoxides [144]
Quercetin In vitro FRAP and ABTS [145]
Quercetin-loaded nanoparticles In vitro Anti-superoxide formation and DPPH scavenging capacity [146]
↓ Superoxide anion
Quercetin-loaded nanoparticles In vitro DPPH scavenging capacity [147]
Quercetin 2%, orally for 21 days Rats adapted to a semipurified diet supplemented with quercetin ABTS [148]
Quercetin 15 mg/kg, i.p. for 4 weeks STZ-induced diabetic rats ↓ MDA and NO [149]
SOD, CAT, and GPx
Quercetin 75 mg/kg, i.p. for 10 days Cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats ↓ MDA and PCO [150]
Quercetin 50 mg/kg, for 10 days Bile duct ligation-induced liver injury in rats ↑ Glutathione peroxidase [151]
↓ Oxidation of proteins
Quercetin 50 mg/kg, intragastrically Normal rats ↓ Plasma antioxidant status [152]
Quercetin 10 mg/kg, i.p. for 14 days STZ-induced diabetic rats Brain GSH, hepatic GPx, hepatic lipid peroxidation, renal and cardiac GPx, and cardiac CAT [153]
↓ Hepatic GSH
Quercetin 50 mg/kg, i.p. Ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats ↓ MDA [154]
SOD, CAT, and GPx
Quercetin 100 mg/kg, for 14 days Rat model of tramadol intoxication Improved MDA, SOD, NOx in the heart, liver, adrenal, and kidney [155]
Quercetin 50 mg/kg, orally Radiation-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity in rats ↓ MDA level in the liver and kidney [156]
Quercetin 10 mg/kg, gavage Mice exposed to cigarette smoke ↓ Inflammatory cytokines [157]
SOD and CAT
↓ Myeloperoxidase
Quercetin 25 mg/kg, gavage, for 40 days Dental pulp of the streptozotocin-diabetic rats Improved CAT, SOD1, GPX1, and TAC levels [158]
Seed oil 3–20 mg/ml In vitro ↑ Hydroxyl free radical and DPPH scavenging capacity [159]
Some component of leaves In vitro ↑ DPPH scavenging capacity [160]
Polysaccharide fractions; POP II and POP III In vitro ↑ Antioxidant activities in cell-free radical generating systems and cell-mediated radical generating systems [161]
Polysaccharide fraction 25 and 50 mg/kg, orally STZ-induced diabetes in rats ↓ TBARS [162]
↑ GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD
Phenolic alkaloids: oleracein A (OA), oleracein B (OB) and oleracein E (OE) Hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain ↑ DPPH scavenging capacity [41]
↓ MDA
Diet supplemented with leaves 240 g/kg of leaves, orally Oxidative stress induced by vitamin A deficiency in rats ↑ DPPH scavenging capacity [163]
↑ GSH and GSSG

ABTS: antioxidant capacity determined by radical cation; FRAP: ferric-reducing antioxidant power; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; PCO: protein carbonyl; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl; CAT: catalase, SOD: superoxide dismutase, MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH: glutathione; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; AAPH: 2, 2′ azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; STZ: streptozotocin; ALA: alpha-linolenic acid.