. 2023 Aug 31;2023:2075444. doi: 10.1155/2023/2075444

Table 4.

Immunomodulatory effect of P. oleracea and its constituents.

Extracts/constituents	Doses	Model of study	Effects	References
Hydroethanolic extract of P. oleracea	160, 40, and 10 µg/ml	Nonstimulated and PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes	↓ Percentage of cell proliferation and serum levels of IL-4, IL10, and IFN-γ	[54]
Hydroethanolic extract of P. oleracea	160, 40, and 10 µg/ml	Nonstimulated and PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes	↑ IFN-γ/IL-4 and Treg/Th2 (IL-10/IL-4) balances	[54]
Ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of P. werdermannii and P. hirsutissima	1, 10, and 100 μg/ml	Concanavalin A-induced BALB/c-isolated splenocytes	↓ Cell proliferation	[168]
Ethyl acetate extract of P. oleracea	5 and 50 mg/kg	Mice model of cyclophosphamide-induced immune-suppression	↑ Phagocytosis	[169]
Ethyl acetate extract of P. oleracea	5 and 50 mg/kg	Mice model of cyclophosphamide-induced immune-suppression	↑ Proliferative response in splenic lymphocytes	[169]
Extract of P. oleracea	1, 2, and 4 mg/ml	Rat model of asthma	↑ INF-γ/IL4 ratio	[170]
Hydroethanolic extract of P. oleracea	1, 2, and 4 mg/ml, in drinking water	Rat model of asthma	↓ BALF levels of IgE	[62]
Purslane/pumpkin seed mixture	Ratio of 5/1 of pumpkin and purslane	Hypercholesterolemic rats	↑ Levels of IgG and IgM	[171]
Ethanolic extract	200 mg/kg	Mice model of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis	↓ IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, NF-κB, and myeloperoxidase activity	[172]
P. oleracea and Perilla frutescens seed complex extracts	0, 5, 10, 30, 50, 100, and 300 μg/ml	Cyclophosphamide-stimulated rat and isolated spleen cells	↑ Immune cells and splenic recovery	[173]
	0, 5, 10, 30, 50, 100, and 300 μg/ml	Cyclophosphamide-stimulated rat and isolated spleen cells	↑ Proliferation of splenocyte and inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), and NK cell activity	[173]
Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of P. oleracea	30 or 60 μg/ml (in vitro)	LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages	↓ Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and 1L-1β	[174]
Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of P. oleracea	100, 300, and 500 mg/kg/day (in vivo)	Mice model of colitis induced by DSS	↓ Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and 1L-1β	[174]
P. oleracea	20 mg/ml	2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene induced-atopic dermatitis mice model	↓ Serum levels of histamine HIS and Ig E	[175]
			↓ TNF-α, IL-4, and IFN-γ
			↓ Mast cell infiltration
ALA	0.7, 10.6, and 37% dietary intake, for 4 weeks	Fatty acids-rich diet in mice model	↑ IFN-γ/IL-4 and Th1/Th2 balances	[176]
ALA	0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/d infused to the duodenum	Dairy cows infused to ALA	↑ Serum IgG and IFN-γ	[11]
ALA	0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/d infused to the duodenum	Dairy cows infused to ALA	↓ IL-4 and PGE2	[11]
ALA	178 g/kg, dietary intake, for 6 weeks	High-fat diet in rat model	Modifying the spleen lymphocyte functions	[177]
ALA	178 g/kg lipid contained 4.4 g ALA, dietary intake	High-fat diet in rat model	Modifying cell-mediated immune response	[178]
ALA	0.2 and 0.4 mg/ml, in drinking water	Sensitized rats with ovalbumin	↑ IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4	[179]
ALA	0.2 and 0.4 mg/ml, in drinking water	Sensitized rats with ovalbumin	↓ IL-4	[179]
Quercetin	20, 40, and 80 μM	Human glomerular mesangial cells (HGMCs)	↓ Expression of nuclear factor-κB p65 and IKKβ	[180]
Quercetin	20, 40, and 80 μM	Human glomerular mesangial cells (HGMCs)	↑ Expression of IκBα inhibited the expression of PTX3 antibody	[180]
Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside	150 μg/ml, for more 48 h	Propagated influenza virus in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells	↓ Expression of TNF-α	[181]
Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside	150 μg/ml, for more 48 h		↑ Expression of IL-27	[181]
Quercetin	3.5, 7.5, and 15 μg/ml	Murine model of Blomia tropicalis-induced asthma	↓ IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines in supernatants of cells	[182]
Shikimic acid and quercetin combination	10 and 100 nM, for 24 h	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells	↑ IL-8 and IL-6 cytokine levels	[183]
Quercetin	6.25, 12.5, 50, and 100 µg/ml, for 24 h	DCs simulated by LPS	↓ IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 p70	[89]
			↓ MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, and RANTES
			↓ CD40, CD80, and CD86
Quercetin	1, 10, and 50 µM, for 24 h	LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages	Inhibited expression of TNF-α and IL-1β proteins, IkB-α phosphorylation and iNOS expression	[94]
Quercetin	0.5–50 µM, for 24–72 h	Blood mononuclear cells from normal subjects	↑ IFN-γ	[91]
Quercetin	0.5–50 µM, for 24–72 h	Blood mononuclear cells from normal subjects	↓ IL-4 markedly	[91]
Quercetin	5–200 µM, for 48 h	PBMC isolated from multiple sclerosis patients	↓ PBMC proliferation	[92]
			↓ IL-1β and TNF-α
			↓ MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios
Quercetin	40 µM, for 24 h	T helper cells	↓ IL-2 and IFN-γ	[90]
Quercetin-3-O-𝛃-D-glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin) and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin)	Isoquercitrin (100 mg/kg)	Immunized mice and treated with isoquercitrin and rutin	↑ Lymphocyte basal proliferation	[184]
	Rutin (132 mg/kg), dietary intake, for 34 days		↑ The number of IgM-producing lymphocytes
	Rutin (132 mg/kg), dietary intake, for 34 days		↑ NK activity and T cells
Quercetin	30 mg/kg, orally for 7 days	Blomia tropicalis-sensitized mice	↓ Number of cells, EPO and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines	[182]
Quercetin	20 mg/kg, intragastric gavage, for 14 day	Hypersensitization with ovalbumin in mouse model	↓ IgE antibodies	[185]
			↓ Eosinophilia
			Impaired production of the IL-5, IL-10, and TNF-α cytokines
Quercetin	500, 1000, and 1500 mg/day, orally, twice daily for 8 weeks	Active rheumatoid arthritis patients	↓ IL-6, C3, C4, and ICAM-1	[96]
Quercetin	500, 1000, and 1500 mg/day, orally, twice daily for 8 weeks	Active rheumatoid arthritis patients	↑ IL-10	[96]
Quercetin	8 and 16 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 3 days	OVA-induced asthma model mice	↓ Inflammatory cells	[95]
			↓ MMP-9 and GATA-3 mRNA
			↓ IL-4 and IL-5
			↑ IFN-γ
Quercetin	0.01%	Murine model of dry eye disease (DED)	↓ Inflammatory response	[186]
			↓ Clinical symptoms
			↓ IL-1α and IL-4 levels
			↓ CD4+ T cells
Polysaccharide complexes from purslane, silver linden, and lavender	10 and 100 µg/ml	Ex vivo model of human white blood cells	↑ Human blood T-cell populations (CD4+/CD25+ and CD8+/CD25+), phagocytic leukocytes (CD14+ and CD64+ cells)	[187]
	10 and 100 µg/ml	Ex vivo murine model of Peyer's patch (PP) cells from the small intestine	↑ IL-6 production from human white blood cells and Peyer's patch cells	[187]
Polysaccharide of P. oleracea (POL-P3b)	50 µg·mL⁻¹	Tumor antigen-sensitized dendritic cells	↑ Immune responses	[188]
Polysaccharide of P. oleracea	0.3,0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 mg/ml	Rat model of ovarian cancer	↑ Spleen, thymocyte T and B lymphocyte proliferation	[60]
Polysaccharide of P. oleracea	200, 400, or 800 mg/kg, oral gavage, once daily for 15 weeks	N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric cancer rats	↑ Splenocytes proliferation	[189]
Polysaccharide of P. oleracea			↑ Serum level of IL-2, IL-4 and TNF-α	[189]
Polysaccharide of P. oleracea	25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, intragastrically, once daily for 10 days	Mice model transplanted with sarcoma 180	↑ White blood cell count, CD4+ T-lymphocytes, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio	[190]
Portulacanone C, trans-n feruloyltyramine, cis-n-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine	3 mg/kg, orally, for 5 days	Mice model of DSS-induced colitis	↓ Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, 1L-1β, IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ	[174]

PHA: phytohemagglutinin; DSS: dextran sulphate sodium; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IL: interleukin; INF-γ: interferon gamma; Th: T helper cells; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; IgE: immunoglobulin E; IgM: immunoglobulin M; IgG: immunoglobulin G; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; NK: natural killer cell; EPO: eosinophil peroxidase; C3: complement protein 3; C4: complement protein 4; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule I; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; DCs: dendritic cells; i.p.: intraperitoneally; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ALA: alpha-linolenic acid.