Table 3.
Extent of fabrication among the works cited in the ChatGPT papers.
| GPT-3.5 | GPT-4 | |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of cited works that are fabricated (and number of cited works, in parentheses) | ||
| All works | 55% (222) | 18% (414) |
| Articles | 73% (128) | 18% (255) |
| Books | 23% (78) | 8% (126) |
| Chapters | 70% (10) | 70% (23) |
| Websites | 50% (6) | 10% (10) |
| Among fabricated works, percentage of | ||
| All works for which the larger work/org. is fabricated | 5% | 5% |
| Articles for which the journal is fabricated | 2% | 2% |
| Books for which the publisher is fabricated | 0% | 0% |
| Chapters for which the book is fabricated | 57% | 19% |
| Website for which the organization is fabricated | 0% | 0% |