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. 2023 Sep 7;13:14785. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42001-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of dark culture and modified PGR on callus induction. (A) Dark treatment with PGR combination 0.5 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA. Explants without dark treatment were used as controls (0 day). Dark-treated explants with different durations (5 days, 10 days, 15 days) were analyzed for differences from controls and marked for significance. (B) Modified PGR combination. The 0.5 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA combination was used as control, and the differences between other treatments and control were analyzed and marked as significant. ***, **, *, and ns indicate p value < 0.001, < 0.01, < 0.05, and > 0.05, respectively.