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. 2023 Sep 7;13:14731. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-41858-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Average Raman spectrum of mitochondria in lung cancer cells (A549) incubated with retinoic acid (50 µM, incubated for 48 h). (A,B) Average Raman spectra (normalized by norm) were obtained from 3 cells. (C) Raman band ν₁₉ intensity at 1583 cm⁻¹ as a function of retinoic acid concentration (0–50 μM) in the mitochondria of a lung cancer cell. The statistically significant (p < 0.05) results have been marked with an asterisk.