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. 2023 Sep 7;14:5495. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41300-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Mendelian randomization analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between four CpGs (cg09541576, cg12547959, cg12896170, and cg15848159) and four respiratory traits (A: asthma; B: FEV1; C: FVC, and D: FEV1/FVC). The vertical arrow on the left side of each CpG represents the direction of effect for PPV use. The arrows will be helpful to compare the direction of effects for PPV use and the four respiratory traits. Red arrow denotes hypermethylation (i.e., CpG was positively associated with PPV use). Aqua arrow denotes hypomethylation (i.e., CpG was negatively associated with PPV use). The meQTL data were retrieved from the GoDMC and respiratory traits. The GWAS data were retrieved from UK Biobank. Three Mendelian randomization approaches were used, including inverse variance-weighted method, MR–Egger regression method, and weighted median method. One asterisk denotes FDR < 0.05 after accounting for the multiple testing in the Mendelian randomization analysis. The center for the error bars denotes effect estimate. CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanine; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GoDMC, Genetics of DNA Methylation Consortium; meQTL, methylation quantitative trait loci; GWAS, genome-wide association study; MR, Mendelian randomization; PPV, positive pressure ventilation.