Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, outcomes, and procedure-related complications stratified by cancer status
| Variable no. (%) | No cancer (n = 43 232, 85.4%) | History of cancer (n = 5923, 11.7%) | Active cancer (n = 1468, 2.9%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | 44.9% | 50.8% | 40.5% | <0.01 |
| Age (standard error) years | 68.8 (0.08) | 74.2 (0.17) | 74.3 (0.34) | <0.01 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | ||||
| ≤3 | 50.0% | 35.2% | 31.0% | <0.01 |
| 4 | 14.2% | 14.6% | 16.5% | |
| 5 | 13.9% | 18.9% | 20.6% | |
| ≥6 | 22.2% | 31.3% | 31.8% | |
| Type of cancer | ||||
| Oesophageal cancer | — | 0.7% | 1.7% | — |
| Colorectal cancer | — | 7.3% | 3.9% | — |
| Lung cancer | — | 6.3% | 14.3% | — |
| Breast cancer | — | 25.6% | 7.6% | — |
| Uterine cancer | — | 4.3% | 0.7% | — |
| Prostate cancer | — | 19.3% | 12.1% | — |
| Leukaemia | — | 0.9% | 18.8% | — |
| Lymphoma | — | 4.4% | 10.6% | — |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Anaemia | 2.9% | 3.5% | 6.2% | <0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 52.4% | 54.5% | 65.3% | <0.01 |
| Valvular heart disease | 23.6% | 29.1% | 28.3% | <0.01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 24.8% | 29.2% | 33.4% | <0.01 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 8.7% | 9.5% | 8.8% | 0.43 |
| Prior stroke | 10.0% | 12.6% | 10.9% | <0.01 |
| Prior percutaneous coronary intervention | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 0.62 |
| Prior coronary artery bypass graft | 7.3% | 8.6% | 8.4% | 0.06 |
| Diabetes | 28.0% | 25.3% | 31.3% | <0.01 |
| Hypertension | 78.4% | 82.0% | 81.9% | <0.01 |
| Liver disease | 2.9% | 3.1% | 5.7% | <0.01 |
| Renal failure | 22.0% | 25.8% | 28.9% | <0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disorder | 13.6% | 15.2% | 16.7% | <0.01 |
| Coagulopathy | 5.8% | 6.1% | 12.3% | <0.01 |
| Obesity | 24.9% | 20.6% | 18.1% | <0.01 |
| Prior ICD | 6.9% | 6.7% | 7.3% | 0.86 |
| Prior permanent pacemaker | 10.4% | 14.6% | 15.9% | <0.01 |
| Long-term anticoagulation | 52.7% | 61.5% | 49.2% | <0.01 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| In-hospital mortality | 0.9% | 0.6% | 2.0% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted odds ratio (OR)a | Reference | 0.56 (0.33–1.05), P = 0.06 | 1.63 (0.93–2.83), P = 0.08 | |
| Any cardiovascular complicationb | 13.2% | 14.5% | 19.6% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 0.95 (0.54–1.07), P = 0.41 | 1.21 (1.02–1.49), P = 0.04 | |
| Any peripheral vascular complicationc | 2.6% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 0.62 |
| Adjusted OR | Reference | 1.14 (0.89–1.45), P = 0.29 | 1.02 (0.65–1.61), P = 0.93 | |
| Any bleeding complicationd | 3.7% | 4.3% | 7.6% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.09 (0.88–1.35), P = 0.43 | 1.73 (1.25–2.39), P < 0.01 | |
| Any pulmonary complicatione | 10.3% | 11.1% | 18.6% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 0.96 (0.83–1.10), P = 0.55 | 1.55 (1.24–1.95), P < 0.01 | |
| Any neurological complicationf | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.20 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 0.69 (0.47–1.01), P = 0.06 | 0.44 (0.17–1.16), P = 0.09 | |
| Discharge to home | 75.5% | 70.6% | 54.6% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.08 (0.98–1.20), P = 0.10 | 0.54 (0.45–0.65), P < 0.01 | |
| Length of stay | 4.8 (0.05) days | 4.9 (0.09) days | 8.2 (0.41) days | <0.01 |
| Adjusted mean difference (MD)a | Reference | − 0.38 (−0.68 - + 0.19) days, P = 0.11 | +2.35 (+1.55 - + 3.16) days, P < 0.01 | |
| 30-day all-cause readmissions | 10.3% | 11.1% | 15.0% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 0.98 (0.86–113), P = 0.81 | 1.32 (1.07–1.62), P < 0.01 | |
| 30-day atrial fibrillation/flutter-related readmissions | 2.7% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 0.87 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.01 (0.74–1.34), P = 0.99 | 1.02 (0.64–1.56), P = 0.98 | |
| 30-day heart failure-related admissions | 3.0% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 0.85 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 0.88 (0.69–1.13), P = 0.33 | 0.78 (0.51–1.21), P = 0.27 | |
| 30-day stroke-related readmissions | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.66 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 0.76 (0.34–1.69), P = 0.50 | 1.42 (0.43–4.65), P = 0.56 | |
| 30-day bleeding-related readmissions | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.5% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.17 (0.74–1.86), P = 0.49 | 1.86 (1.08–3.20), P = 0.02 | |
| 90-day all-cause readmissions | 17.1% | 19.5% | 23.9% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.02 (0.90–1.15), P = 0.76 | 1.28 (1.06–1.56), P = 0.01 | |
| 90-day atrial fibrillation/flutter-related readmissions | 4.3% | 4.5% | 4.4% | 0.87 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.09 (0.86–1.39), P = 0.48 | 1.09 (0.73–1.63), P = 0.66 | |
| 90-day heart failure-related admissions | 4.7% | 5.3% | 5.3% | 0.38 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 0.93 (0.75–1.15), P = 0.52 | 0.88 (0.61–1.28), P = 0.52 | |
| 90-day stroke-related readmissions | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.31 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.23 (0.68–2.24), P = 0.48 | 1.58 (0.63–3.96), P = 0.33 | |
| 90-day bleeding-related readmissions | 1.1% | 1.5% | 2.8% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.20 (0.82–1.75), P = 0.34 | 2.14 (1.35–3.42), P < 0.01 | |
| 180-day all-cause readmissions | 22.8% | 25.7% | 31.6% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.04 (0.91–1.18), P = 0.59 | 1.31 (1.05–1.64), P = 0.01 | |
| 180-day atrial fibrillation/flutter-related readmissions | 5.5% | 5.8% | 5.9% | 0.79 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.14 (0.87–1.48), P = 0.34 | 1.19 (0.79–1.79), P = 0.39 | |
| 180-day heart failure-related admissions | 5.7% | 6.7% | 7.5% | 0.11 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 0.97 (0.77–1.23), P = 0.81 | 1.06 (0.71–1.57), P = 0.77 | |
| 180-day stroke-related readmissions | 0.5% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.30 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.33 (0.71–2.48), P = 0.38 | 1.23(0.31–3.34), P = 0.97 | |
| 180-day bleeding-related readmissions | 1.4% | 1.9% | 3.7% | <0.01 |
| Adjusted ORa | Reference | 1.14 (0.78–1.67), P = 0.50 | 2.08 (1.23–3.51), P < 0.01 | |
Adjusted for the following variables: age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, chronic lung disease, heart failure, chronic liver disease, prior stroke, history of percutaneous coronary intervention, history of coronary artery bypass graft, chronic renal failure, anaemia, CHA2DS2-VASc score, obesity, prior permanent pacemaker, prior implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and long-term anticoagulation.
Cardiovascular complications (including cardiac arrest, heart block, myocardial infarction, pericardial effusion, cardiogenic shock, and pericardial effusion requiring intervention).
Peripheral vascular complication (including arteriovenous fistula, pseudoaneurysm, and access site haematoma).
Bleeding complications (gastrointestinal bleeding, blood transfusion, and retroperitoneal bleeding).
Pulmonary complications (including respiratory failure, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and pneumonia).
Neurological complications (including ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischaemic attack).