Table 3.
Logistic regression assessing the association between physical fitness, cardiovascular health, and musculoskeletal health variables and PAT performance (passing the PAT).
| Univariable logistic models | Multivariable logistic models | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2a | Model 3b | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | Value of p | OR (95% CI) | Value of p | OR (95% CI) | Value of p | |
| Model: PAT performance | ||||||
| Good absolute cardiorespiratory fitness | 5.75 (2.75, 12.00) | <0.001 | 4.07 (1.72,9.64) | 0.001** | 3.20 (1.32, 7.75) | 0.010* |
| Good relative cardiorespiratory fitness | 1.29 (0.711, 2.36) | 0.397 | 1.42 (0.57, 3.52) | 0.453 | 1.04 (0.40, 2.68) | 0.413 |
| Good grip strength | 5.78 (2.606, 12.80) | <0.001** | 3.16 (1.28, 7.76) | 0.012* | 2.67 (1.01, 7.06) | 0.049* |
| Good leg strength | 12.99 (5.33, 31.68) | <0.001** | 5.56 (2.12, 14.57) | <0.001** | 4.97 (1.87,13.24) | 0.001** |
| Good push-ups stamina | 4.40 (2.26, 8.57) | <0.001** | 1.62 (0.73, 3.57) | 0.083 | 2.34 (0.96, 5.71) | 0.063 |
| Good sit-ups stamina | 2.91 (1.55, 5.44) | <0.001** | 0.62 (0.28, 1.37) | 0.235 | 1.69 (0.75, 3.79) | 0.206 |
| Good flexibility | 1.25 (0.69, 2.28) | 0.465 | 1.54 (0.72, 3.29) | 0.264 | 1.59 (0.73, 3.48) | 0.248 |
| Model: PAT performance | ||||||
| Sex¶ | 0.06 (0.02, 0.14) | <0.001** | 0.03 (0.01, 0.08) | <0.001** | 0.08 (0.02, 0.26) | <0.001** |
| Aged§ | 0.38 (0.20, 0.71) | 0.002** | 0.89 (0.86, 0.93) | <0.001** | 0.89 (0.85, 0.93) | <0.001** |
| Obesity | 0.31 (0.17, 0.58) | <0.001** | 0.54 (0.86, 0.94) | 0.117 | 0.61 (0.27, 1.38) | 0.238 |
| High BF% | 0.32 (0.17, 0.60) | <0.001** | 0.75 (0.34, 1.67) | 0.479 | 0.91 (0.39, 2.11) | 0.832 |
| Central obesity | 0.32 (0.17, 0.59) | <0.001** | 0.81 (0.36, 1.83) | 0.613 | 0.99 (0.43, 2.29) | 0.990 |
| Hypertension | 0.64 (0.35, 1.16) | 0.140 | 0.95 (0.43, 2.09) | 0.888 | 0.94 (0.41, 2.26) | 0.886 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 0.67 (0.36, 1.23) | 0.197 | 1.34 (0.62, 2.90) | 0.462 | 1.25 (0.56, 2.77) | 0.588 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 0.51 (0.26, 0.99) | 0.047* | 0.47 (0.21, 1.05) | 0.065 | 2.01 (0.89, 4.55) | 0.093 |
| Diabetes | 0.84 (0.23, 3.11) | 0.791 | 1.47 (0.29, 7.23) | 0.636 | 1.56 (0.30, 8.13) | 0.595 |
| Cigarette smoking | 1.60 (0.82, 3.12) | 0.166 | 0.91 (0.41, 2.02) | 0.813 | 0.78 (0.33, 1.85) | 0.579 |
| Physical inactivity | 0.43 (0.22, 0.86) | 0.018* | 0.34 (0.1.44, 0.82) | 0.016* | 0.35 (0.13, 0.96) | 0.041* |
| Poor diet | 1.54 (0.75, 3.17) | 0.244 | 0.99 (0.41, 2.41) | 0.987 | 1.26 (0.50, 3.17) | 0.624 |
| CVHI (Good) | ||||||
| Intermediate CVHI | 1.62 (0.85, 3.09) | 0.145 | 1.56 (0.71, 3.44) | 0.268 | 1.33 (0.58, 3.06) | 0.496 |
| Poor CVHI | 1.07 (0.41, 1.83) | 0.889 | 1.13 (0.28, 4.63) | 0.867 | 0.88 (0.21, 3.68) | 0.861 |
| Model: PAT performance▲ | ||||||
| Heart rate variability | 1.003 (1.001, 1.005) | 0.009** | 1.003 (1.001, 1.006) | 0.011* | 1.003 (1.000, 1.006) | 0.039* |
| SDNN | 1.025 (1.010, 1.041) | <0.001** | 1.018 (0.999, 1.037) | 0.066 | 1.016 (0.996, 1.037) | 0.117 |
| RMSSD | 1.018 (1.006, 1.031) | 0.005** | 1.015 (0.999, 1.032) | 0.060 | 1.014 (0.997, 1.032) | 0.104 |
| LF | 34.7222 (4.100, 294.071) | 0.001** | 3.225 (0.227, 45.790) | 0.387 | 4.850 (0.298, 79.049) | 0.267 |
| HF | 0.222 (0.002, 29.422) | 0.546 | 0.216 (0.002, 28.821) | 0.540 | 1.281 (0.003, 537.546) | 0.936 |
| LF/HF | 1.013 (0.945, 1.087) | 0.709 | 0.898 (0.902, 1.085) | 0.989 | 0.977 (0.887, 1.076) | 0.642 |
| Model: PAT performance | ||||||
| Musculoskeletal injury | 0.86 (0.47, 1.59) | 0.634 | 1.66 (0.77, 3.56) | 0.193 | 1.63 (0.74, 3.58) | 0.228 |
| Upper limb injuries | 0.68 (0.34, 1.35) | 0.270 | 0.0.83 (0.35, 1.95) | 0.665 | 0.86 (0.35, 2.12) | 0.748 |
| Lower limb injuries | 0.95 (0.47, 1.94) | 0.897 | 0.46 (0.18, 1.15) | 0.095 | 0.47 (0.18, 1.19) | 0.110 |
| Lower back injury | 0.46 (0.18, 1.19) | 0.111 | 0.39 (0.13, 1.22) | 0.106 | 0.39 (0.12, 1.27) | 0.118 |
| Musculoskeletal discomfort | 0.90 (0.49, 1.65) | 0.736 | 1.16 (0.55, 2.45) | 0.699 | 1.09 (0.50, 2.6) | 0.833 |
| UBMSD | 0.89 (0.48, 1.66) | 0.730 | 0.95 (0.44, 2.05) | 0.904 | 0.90 (0.49, 1.68) | 0.746 |
| LBMSD | 0.97 (0.48, 1.94) | 0.925 | 1.32 (0.56, 3.10) | 0.519 | 0.97 (0.49, 1.95) | 0.938 |
| Lower back discomfort | 0.58 (0.29, 1.14) | 0.112 | 0.59 (0.26, 1.39) | 0.232 | 0.65 (0.27, 1.57) | 0.339 |
*indicates statistically significance <0.05 and **indicates statistical significance <0.01. OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error; CI, confidence intervals; ¶, sex removed as a covariate in the adjustment; §, age was removed as a covariate in the adjustment; ▴, continuous independent variable; SDNN, standard deviation of all normal-to-normal; RMSSD, root-mean-square of successive differences; LF, low-frequency; HF, high frequency; LF/HF, low and high frequency ratio.
a
Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age and sex.
b
Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, height, and weekly MET minutes.