Table 4.
Multivariable comparisons evaluating the difference between physical fitness and cardiovascular health parameters based on physical ability test performance.
| Variable | V | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | F | Value of p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stepwise comparisons† | |||||||||||||
| Top performers (n = 65) | Above average (n = 67) | Below average (n = 67) | Poorest performers (n = 65) | Overall | G1 vs. G2 | G1 vs. G3 | G1 vs. G4 | G2 vs. G3 | G2 vs. G4 | G3 vs. G4 | |||
| x̄ (SE) | x̄ (SE) | x̄ (SE) | x̄ (SE) | ||||||||||
| Pillai’s Trace | 0.305 | 3.5 | <0.001** | ||||||||||
| abV̇O2max (L·min−1) | 3.59 (0.02) | 3.46 (0.02) | 3.39 (0.02) | 3.36 (0.02) | 6.8 | <0.001** | 0.789 | 0.002** | <0.001** | 0.121 | 0.015* | 1.000 | |
| relV̇O2max (mL·kg−1·min−1) | 43.20 (0.31) | 43.24 (0.28) | 42.40 (0.28) | 42.09 (0.32) | 2.9 | 0.032* | 1.000 | 0.383 | 0.149 | 0.223 | 0.065 | 1.000 | |
| Grip strength (kg) | 97.11 (1.87) | 90.44 (1.68) | 88.23 (1.69) | 86.11 (1.94) | 5.6 | 0.001** | 0.038* | 0.004** | 0.001** | 1.000 | 0.638 | 1.000 | |
| Leg strength (kg) | 128.2 (3.18) | 120.84 (2.87) | 113.79 (1.89) | 107.67 (3.31) | 6.3 | <0.001** | 0.455 | 0.007** | <0.001** | 0.512 | 0.025* | 0.971 | |
| Push-ups (rpm) | 39.43 (1.54) | 34.29 (1.38) | 28.93 (1.39) | 24.61 (1.59) | 14.2 | <0.001** | 0.064 | <0.001** | <0.001** | 0.042* | <0.001** | 0.247 | |
| Sit-ups (rpm) | 34.72 (1.17) | 29.58 (1.05) | 28.68 (1.06) | 23.55 (1.21) | 12.4 | <0.001** | 0.005** | 0.001** | <0.001** | 1.000 | 0.002** | 0.009** | |
| Sit-and-reach (cm) | 45.92 (1.17) | 43.02 (1.06) | 42.14 (1.06) | 41.82 (1.22) | 2.3 | 0.082 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Lean body Mass (kg) | 61.75 (0.68) | 61.24 (0.61) | 61.00 (0.62) | 58.76 (0.71) | 3.1 | 0.027* | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.033* | 1.000 | 0.067 | 0.098 | |
| Pillai’s Trace | 0.393 | 2.7 | <0.001** | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 33.45 (1.27) | 36.31 (1.18) | 38.62 (1.19) | 44.39 (1.31) | 11.3 | <0.001** | 0.562 | 0.024* | <0.001** | 1.000 | <0.001** | 0.008** | |
| BMI (kg·m−2) | 27.33 (0.58) | 27.27 (0.54) | 27.14 (0.55) | 27.33 (0.60) | 0.0 | 0.994 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| WC (cm) | 90.29 (1.59) | 92.02 (1.49) | 93.33 (1.51) | 96.47 (1.65) | 2.2 | 0.084 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| BF% (%) | 20.94 (1.12) | 20.13 (1.04) | 20.33 (1.06) | 23.29 (1.15) | 1.6 | 0.197 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 136.52 (1.97) | 137.40 (1.83) | 132.82 (1.86) | 136.83 (2.03) | 1.3 | 0.291 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.47 (1.52) | 83.44 (1.41) | 81.27 (1.44) | 82.98 (1.57) | 1.5 | 0.222 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| NFBG (mmol·L−1) | 5.89 (0.18) | 5.29 (0.16) | 5.67 (0.18) | 5.89 (0.18) | 2.9 | 0.031* | 0.064 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.657 | 0.098 | 1.000 | |
| TC (mmol·L−1) | 4.64 (0.17) | 4.70 (0.16) | 4.69 (0.16) | 4.92 (0.18) | 0.4 | 0.718 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| LDL-C (mmol·L−1) | 2.70 (0.14) | 2.67 (0.14) | 2.64 (0.13) | 2.91 (0.15) | 0.7 | 0.565 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| HDL-C (mmol·L−1) | 1.39 (0.05) | 1.29 (0.04) | 1.23 (0.04) | 1.26 (0.05) | 2.1 | 0.091 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Triglycerides (mmol·L−1) | 1.36 (1.14) | 1.55 (0.13) | 1.91 (1.33) | 1.81 (1.15) | 2.9 | 0.033* | 0.188 | 0.198 | 0.216 | 0.187 | 0.201 | 0.197 | |
| Diet (score) | 9.46 (0.28) | 9.92 (0.26) | 9.93 (0.26) | 10.48 (0.29) | 1.9 | 0.127 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Weekly METs (MET·min−1) | 3983.5 (369.4) | 4139.4 (343.8) | 2716.5 (349.8) | 1800.7 (381.7) | 7.9 | <0.001** | 1.000 | 0.091 | <0.001** | 0.024* | <0.001** | 0.464 | |
| Framingham risk score (%) | 1.03 (0.66) | 2.56 (0.62) | 4.04 (0.63) | 6.09 (0.68) | 8.9 | <0.001** | 0.506 | 0.008** | <0.001** | 0.564 | 0.001** | 0.162 | |
Univariable comparisons of each parameter of physical fitness and cardiovascular health. Stepwise comparisons of each performance category after Bonferroni correction. *indicates statistical significance <0.05 and **indicates statistical significance <0.01. Physical fitness MANCOVA: adjusted for age, sex, height, and body mass index. Cardiovascular health MANCOVA: adjusted for sex, height and weekly MET minutes. x̄, adjusted mean; SE, standard error; †, indicates Bonferroni correction; V, Pillai’s trace; F, test statistic ANOVA; G1, top performers; G2, above average performers; G3, below average performers; G4, below average performers; V̇O2max, oxygen consumption; L·min−1, litres per min; mL·kg−1·min−1, millilitres per kilogram per minute; mmol·L−1, millimole per litre; mmHg, millimetres mercury; kg, kilogram; kg·m−2, kilogram per meter squared; cm, centimetres; %, percentage; MET·min−1, metabolic equivalent minutes; rpm, repetitions per minute.