FIGURE 1.

Schematic representation of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) as One Health models for nanosafety. Expanding AOPs to accommodate increasing levels of mechanistic evidence from transcriptomic alterations to epigenetic mechanisms broadens test system validity and cross-species extrapolation. Furthermore, the reduced complexity of the possible epigenetic responses results in the identification of signatures common to a broader range of chemicals, allowing the establishment of the “many-chemicals-many-species-one-model” framework.