| Advantages aiding surgical technique |
| Higher magnification (18,45) |
| Wider range of movements and dexterity (18,44,45) |
| Better stability and control of camera & working instruments resulting in greater precision (44,45) |
| Reduced collateral damage (e.g., neurovascular bundles) (47) |
| Better ergonomics (45) |
| Advantages aiding patient recovery |
| Reduced post-operative pain (5) |
| Reduced blood loss (5) |
| Reduced length of hospital stay (5) |
| Better cosmesis (48,49) |
| Comparable outcomes to conventional open surgery (38,42,50) |
