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. 2023 Aug 24;10:e44145. doi: 10.2196/44145

Table 1.

Participant characteristics (N=30).

Variable Values
Age (years)

Mean (SD) 20.33 (1.89)

Range 18-24
Gender, n (%)

Male 7 (23)

Female 23 (77)
Education, n (%)

Postgraduate 1 (3)

Undergraduate 29 (97)


First year 14 (4)


Second year 4 (13)


Third year 6 (20)


Fourth year 3 (10)


Fifth year 2 (7)
Degree, n

Criminology 4

Data science 4

Information technology 3

Medicine 1

Psychology 13

Science and arts 3

Social work 1

Unspecified bachelor’s degree 1
Country of birth, n (%)

Born in Australia 22 (73)

Born Overseas (India, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Pakistan) 8 (27)
Employment, n (%)

Work (casual or part-time) 21 (70)

Not working 9 (30)
Mental health, n (%)

Experienced or been diagnosed with a mental health problem?


Yes 12 (40)


No 15 (50)


Not sure 3 (10)
ISIa total score, mean (SD) 11.86 (5.77)
Insomnia symptoms, n (%)

Severe insomnia 1 (3)

Moderate insomnia 9 (30)

Mild insomnia 11 (37)

No insomnia 9 (30)

aISI: Insomnia Severity Index.