Theoretical model	Training (reward learning)	Testing (same context, no reward)	Generalization (new context, no reward)
Learned Industriousness	High effort is rewarded independently of specific behaviour	Effort	Effort
Habit learning	Specific behaviour is rewarded independently of effort	Effort	No effort
Goal-directed learning	Effort is exerted to obtain a high-value reward	No effort	No effort
No learning	Reward is freely available regardless of behaviour or effort	No effort	No effort