Table 1:

Structure-based vaccinology for human viruses

Virus	Structural Modification	Outcome	Ref
RSV	Identification of pre-fusion F protein structure	Allows vaccination with pre-fusion F-containing neutralizing epitopes	[105]
	Pre-fusion F stabilization	Highly immunogenic responses in vaccines	[106–108]
	Epitope focused vaccine design	Proof-of-concept study developing an RSV vaccine for neutralizing epitopes of interest	[109]
SARS-CoV-2	SARS-CoV-2 spike stabilization	Highly immunogenic vaccines with the S2P and HexaPro stabilizations	[26]
SARS-CoV	Identification of SARS-CoV prefusion spike structure	Revealed new epitopes for vaccine design	[34, 110, 111]
MERS-CoV	Identification of MERS-CoV prefusion spike structure	Highly immunogenic epitopes for vaccine development	[112, 113]
HIV-1	Stabilization of HIV-1 envelope protein	Generation of BG-SOSIP trimer immunogens capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies	[27, 114–116]
	Structure of pre-fusion envelope	Atomic resolution of pre-fusion spike immunogens	[117, 118]
	Engineered HIV-1 immunogens	Structural design of germline targeting immunogens	[53, 54, 119, 120]
	Structural guided nanoparticle design	Structure based nanoparticle formulations are highly immunogenic for multiple viruses	[38, 121–123]