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. 2023 Sep 8;21:325. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02093-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — A A natural antibacterial idea inspired by the nanostructures present on cicada wings the surfaces.

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130] Copyright 2013, Elsevier Ltd. B The biophysical model of the interaction between nanopillars and bacterial cells on the wing surface of the cicada (P. claripennis). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [132] Copyright 2013, The Biophysical Society. C Characterization of black silicon. D It was observed that B. subtilis vegetative cells and spores of B. subtilis were significantly disrupted by interaction with bSi. Scale bars, 200 nm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [133] Copyright 2013, Macmillan Publishers Limited. E Schematic diagram of MSN-DAMO and MSN-G3 nanomaterials. F The internalization of MSN, MSN-DAMO, and MSN-G3 materials towards Gram-negative E. coli. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [135] Copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd